@article {1522,
	title = {Analytical and biologic variability in measures of hemostasis, fibrinolysis, and inflammation: assessment and implications for epidemiology.},
	journal = {Am J Epidemiol},
	volume = {149},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999 Feb 01},
	pages = {261-7},
	abstract = {<p>An increasing number of cardiovascular epidemiologic studies are measuring non-traditional risk markers of disease, most of which do not have established biovariability characteristics. When biovariability data have been reported, they usually represent a short time period, and, in any case, there is little consensus on how the information should be used. The authors performed a long-term (6-month) repeated measures study on 26 healthy individuals, and, using a nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach, report on the analytical (CVA), intraindividual (CVI), and between individual (CVG) variability of 12 procoagulant, fibrinolysis, and inflammation assays, including total cholesterol for comparison. The results suggest acceptable analytical variability (CVA < or = 1/2 CVI) for all assays. However, there was a large range of intraindividual variation as a proportion of total variance (2-78\%), and adjusting for intraindividual and between individual variation in bivariate correlations increased the observed correlation by more than 30 percent for three of these assays. Overall, the assays showed a significant increase in intraindividual variation over 6 months (p < 0.05). While these findings suggest that most of these assays have biovariability characteristics similar to cholesterol, there is variation among assays. Some assays may be better suited to epidemiologic studies, and knowledge of an assay{\textquoteright}s biovariability data may be useful in interpreting simple statistics, and in designing multivariate models.</p>},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Epidemiology, Female, Fibrinolysis, Hemostasis, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Multivariate Analysis, Risk Factors},
	issn = {0002-9262},
	author = {Sakkinen, P A and Macy, E M and Callas, P W and Cornell, E S and Hayes, T E and Kuller, L H and Tracy, R P}
}
@article {584,
	title = {Fibrinolytic activation markers predict myocardial infarction in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study.},
	journal = {Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999 Mar},
	pages = {493-8},
	abstract = {<p>Coagulation factor levels predict arterial thrombosis in epidemiological studies, but studies of older persons are needed. We studied 3 plasma antigenic markers of fibrinolysis, viz, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), fibrin fragment D-dimer, and plasmin-antiplasmin complex (PAP) for the prediction of arterial thrombosis in healthy elderly persons over age 65. The study was a nested case-control study in the Cardiovascular Health Study cohort of 5201 men and women >/=65 years of age who were enrolled from 1989 to 1990. Cases were 146 participants without baseline clinical vascular disease who developed myocardial infarction, angina, or coronary death during a follow-up of 2.4 years. Controls remained free of cardiovascular events and were matched 1:1 to cases with respect to sex, duration of follow-up, and baseline subclinical vascular disease status. With increasing quartile of D-dimer and PAP levels but not of PAI-1, there was an independent increased risk of myocardial infarction or coronary death, but not of angina. The relative risk for D-dimer above versus below the median value (>/=120 microg/L) was 2.5 (95\% confidence interval, 1.1 to 5.9) and for PAP above the median (>/=5.25 nmol/L), 3.1 (1.3 to 7.7). Risks were independent of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen concentrations. There were no differences in risk by sex or presence of baseline subclinical disease. D-dimer and PAP, but not PAI-1, predicted future myocardial infarction in men and women over age 65. Relationships were independent of other risk factors, including inflammation markers. Results indicate a major role for these markers in identifying a high risk of arterial disease in this age group.</p>},
	keywords = {Age Factors, Aged, Angina Pectoris, Biomarkers, Female, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products, Fibrinolysin, Fibrinolysis, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Arrest, Humans, Male, Myocardial Infarction, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, Risk Factors},
	issn = {1079-5642},
	doi = {10.1161/01.atv.19.3.493},
	author = {Cushman, M and Lemaitre, R N and Kuller, L H and Psaty, B M and Macy, E M and Sharrett, A R and Tracy, R P}
}
