@article {8041, title = {Fatty acid biomarkers of dairy fat consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies.}, journal = {PLoS Med}, volume = {15}, year = {2018}, month = {2018 10}, pages = {e1002670}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate prospective associations of circulating or adipose tissue odd-chain fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 and trans-palmitoleic acid, t16:1n-7, as potential biomarkers of dairy fat intake, with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS AND FINDINGS: Sixteen prospective cohorts from 12 countries (7 from the United States, 7 from Europe, 1 from Australia, 1 from Taiwan) performed new harmonised individual-level analysis for the prospective associations according to a standardised plan. In total, 63,682 participants with a broad range of baseline ages and BMIs and 15,180 incident cases of T2D over the average of 9 years of follow-up were evaluated. Study-specific results were pooled using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Prespecified interactions by age, sex, BMI, and race/ethnicity were explored in each cohort and were meta-analysed. Potential heterogeneity by cohort-specific characteristics (regions, lipid compartments used for fatty acid assays) was assessed with metaregression. After adjustment for potential confounders, including measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference) and lipogenesis (levels of palmitate, triglycerides), higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with lower incidence of T2D. In the most adjusted model, the hazard ratio (95\% CI) for incident T2D per cohort-specific 10th to 90th percentile range of 15:0 was 0.80 (0.73-0.87); of 17:0, 0.65 (0.59-0.72); of t16:1n7, 0.82 (0.70-0.96); and of their sum, 0.71 (0.63-0.79). In exploratory analyses, similar associations for 15:0, 17:0, and the sum of all three fatty acids were present in both genders but stronger in women than in men (pinteraction < 0.001). Whereas studying associations with biomarkers has several advantages, as limitations, the biomarkers do not distinguish between different food sources of dairy fat (e.g., cheese, yogurt, milk), and residual confounding by unmeasured or imprecisely measured confounders may exist.

CONCLUSIONS: In a large meta-analysis that pooled the findings from 16 prospective cohort studies, higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with a lower risk of T2D.

}, keywords = {Aged, Australia, Biomarkers, Dairy Products, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fats, Europe, Fatty Acids, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Taiwan, United States}, issn = {1549-1676}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002670}, author = {Imamura, Fumiaki and Fretts, Amanda and Marklund, Matti and Ardisson Korat, Andres V and Yang, Wei-Sin and Lankinen, Maria and Qureshi, Waqas and Helmer, Catherine and Chen, Tzu-An and Wong, Kerry and Bassett, Julie K and Murphy, Rachel and Tintle, Nathan and Yu, Chaoyu Ian and Brouwer, Ingeborg A and Chien, Kuo-Liong and Frazier-Wood, Alexis C and Del Gobbo, Liana C and Djouss{\'e}, Luc and Geleijnse, Johanna M and Giles, Graham G and de Goede, Janette and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Harris, William S and Hodge, Allison and Hu, Frank and Koulman, Albert and Laakso, Markku and Lind, Lars and Lin, Hung-Ju and McKnight, Barbara and Rajaobelina, Kalina and Riserus, Ulf and Robinson, Jennifer G and Samieri, Cecilia and Siscovick, David S and Soedamah-Muthu, Sabita S and Sotoodehnia, Nona and Sun, Qi and Tsai, Michael Y and Uusitupa, Matti and Wagenknecht, Lynne E and Wareham, Nick J and Wu, Jason HY and Micha, Renata and Forouhi, Nita G and Lemaitre, Rozenn N and Mozaffarian, Dariush} } @article {8777, title = {Blood n-3 fatty acid levels and total and cause-specific mortality from 17 prospective studies.}, journal = {Nat Commun}, volume = {12}, year = {2021}, month = {2021 04 22}, pages = {2329}, abstract = {

The health effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been controversial. Here we report the results of a de novo pooled analysis conducted with data from 17 prospective cohort studies examining the associations between blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and risk for all-cause mortality. Over a median of 16 years of follow-up, 15,720 deaths occurred among 42,466 individuals. We found that, after multivariable adjustment for relevant risk factors, risk for death from all causes was significantly lower (by 15-18\%, at least p < 0.003) in the highest vs the lowest quintile for circulating long chain (20-22 carbon) omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids). Similar relationships were seen for death from cardiovascular disease, cancer and other causes. No associations were seen with the 18-carbon omega-3, alpha-linolenic acid. These findings suggest that higher circulating levels of marine n-3 PUFA are associated with a lower risk of premature death.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Premature, Prospective Studies, Protective Factors, Risk Factors}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-021-22370-2}, author = {Harris, William S and Tintle, Nathan L and Imamura, Fumiaki and Qian, Frank and Korat, Andres V Ardisson and Marklund, Matti and Djouss{\'e}, Luc and Bassett, Julie K and Carmichael, Pierre-Hugues and Chen, Yun-Yu and Hirakawa, Yoichiro and K{\"u}pers, Leanne K and Laguzzi, Federica and Lankinen, Maria and Murphy, Rachel A and Samieri, Cecilia and Senn, Mackenzie K and Shi, Peilin and Virtanen, Jyrki K and Brouwer, Ingeborg A and Chien, Kuo-Liong and Eiriksdottir, Gudny and Forouhi, Nita G and Geleijnse, Johanna M and Giles, Graham G and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Helmer, Catherine and Hodge, Allison and Jackson, Rebecca and Khaw, Kay-Tee and Laakso, Markku and Lai, Heidi and Laurin, Danielle and Leander, Karin and Lindsay, Joan and Micha, Renata and Mursu, Jaako and Ninomiya, Toshiharu and Post, Wendy and Psaty, Bruce M and Riserus, Ulf and Robinson, Jennifer G and Shadyab, Aladdin H and Snetselaar, Linda and Sala-Vila, Aleix and Sun, Yangbo and Steffen, Lyn M and Tsai, Michael Y and Wareham, Nicholas J and Wood, Alexis C and Wu, Jason H Y and Hu, Frank and Sun, Qi and Siscovick, David S and Lemaitre, Rozenn N and Mozaffarian, Dariush} } @article {9587, title = {Role of Polyunsaturated Fat in Modifying Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Family History of Cardiovascular Disease: Pooled De Novo Results From 15 Observational Studies.}, journal = {Circulation}, volume = {149}, year = {2024}, month = {2024 Jan 23}, pages = {305-316}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) modifies the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk associated with a family history of CVD. We assessed interactions between biomarkers of low PUFA intake and a family history in relation to long-term CVD risk in a large consortium.

METHODS: Blood and tissue PUFA data from 40 885 CVD-free adults were assessed. PUFA levels <=25th percentile were considered to reflect low intake of linoleic, alpha-linolenic, and eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acids (EPA/DHA). Family history was defined as having >=1 first-degree relative who experienced a CVD event. Relative risks with 95\% CI of CVD were estimated using Cox regression and meta-analyzed. Interactions were assessed by analyzing product terms and calculating relative excess risk due to interaction.

RESULTS: After multivariable adjustments, a significant interaction between low EPA/DHA and family history was observed (product term pooled RR, 1.09 [95\% CI, 1.02-1.16]; =0.01). The pooled relative risk of CVD associated with the combined exposure to low EPA/DHA, and family history was 1.41 (95\% CI, 1.30-1.54), whereas it was 1.25 (95\% CI, 1.16-1.33) for family history alone and 1.06 (95\% CI, 0.98-1.14) for EPA/DHA alone, compared with those with neither exposure. The relative excess risk due to interaction results indicated no interactions.

CONCLUSIONS: A significant interaction between biomarkers of low EPA/DHA intake, but not the other PUFA, and a family history was observed. This novel finding might suggest a need to emphasize the benefit of consuming oily fish for individuals with a family history of CVD.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biomarkers, Cardiovascular Diseases, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Risk Factors}, issn = {1524-4539}, doi = {10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065530}, author = {Laguzzi, Federica and {\r A}kesson, Agneta and Marklund, Matti and Qian, Frank and Gigante, Bruna and Bartz, Traci M and Bassett, Julie K and Birukov, Anna and Campos, Hannia and Hirakawa, Yoichiro and Imamura, Fumiaki and J{\"a}ger, Susanne and Lankinen, Maria and Murphy, Rachel A and Senn, Mackenzie and Tanaka, Toshiko and Tintle, Nathan and Virtanen, Jyrki K and Yamagishi, Kazumasa and Allison, Matthew and Brouwer, Ingeborg A and de Faire, Ulf and Eiriksdottir, Gudny and Ferrucci, Luigi and Forouhi, Nita G and Geleijnse, Johanna M and Hodge, Allison M and Kimura, Hitomi and Laakso, Markku and Riserus, Ulf and van Westing, Anniek C and Bandinelli, Stefania and Baylin, Ana and Giles, Graham G and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Iso, Hiroyasu and Lemaitre, Rozenn N and Ninomiya, Toshiharu and Post, Wendy S and Psaty, Bruce M and Salonen, Jukka T and Schulze, Matthias B and Tsai, Michael Y and Uusitupa, Matti and Wareham, Nicholas J and Oh, Seung-Won and Wood, Alexis C and Harris, William S and Siscovick, David and Mozaffarian, Dariush and Leander, Karin} }