@article {8270,
	title = {{Associations of circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies},
	journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},
	volume = {109},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04},
	pages = {1216{\textendash}1223},
	abstract = {Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of different chain lengths have unique metabolic and biological effects, and a small number of recent studies suggest that higher circulating concentrations of the very-long-chain SFAs (VLSFAs) arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0) are associated with a lower risk of diabetes. Confirmation of these findings in a large and diverse population is needed.\ We investigated the associations of circulating VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 with incident type 2 diabetes in prospective studies.\ Twelve studies that are part of the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium participated in the analysis. Using Cox or logistic regression within studies and an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis across studies, we examined the associations of VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 with incident diabetes among 51,431 participants.\ There were 14,276 cases of incident diabetes across participating studies. Higher circulating concentrations of 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 were each associated with a lower risk of incident diabetes. Pooling across cohorts, the RR (95\% CI) for incident diabetes comparing the 90th percentile to the 10th percentile was 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) for 20:0, 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) for 22:0, and 0.75 (0.69, 0.83) for 24:0 after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, adiposity, and other health factors. Results were fully attenuated in exploratory models that adjusted for circulating 16:0 and triglycerides.\ Results from this pooled analysis indicate that higher concentrations of circulating VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 are each associated with a lower risk of diabetes.},
	author = {Fretts, A. M. and Imamura, F. and Marklund, M. and Micha, R. and Wu, J. H. Y. and Murphy, R. A. and Chien, K. L. and McKnight, B. and Tintle, N. and Forouhi, N. G. and Qureshi, W. T. and Virtanen, J. K. and Wong, K. and Wood, A. C. and Lankinen, M. and Rajaobelina, K. and Harris, T. B. and Djouss?, L. and Harris, B. and Wareham, N. J. and Steffen, L. M. and Laakso, M. and Veenstra, J. and Samieri, C. and Brouwer, I. A. and Yu, C. I. and Koulman, A. and Steffen, B. T. and Helmer, C. and Sotoodehnia, N. and Siscovick, D. and Gudnason, V. and Wagenknecht, L. and Voutilainen, S. and Tsai, M. Y. and Uusitupa, M. and Kalsbeek, A. and Berr, C. and Mozaffarian, D. and Lemaitre, R. N.}
}
@article {8528,
	title = {{Soluble CD14 and CD14 Variants, Other Inflammatory Markers, and Glucose Dysregulation in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study},
	journal = {Diabetes Care},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11},
	pages = {2075{\textendash}2082},
	abstract = {Experimental studies have implicated soluble (s)CD14, an effector of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, in insulin resistance, but its role in human metabolic endotoxemia has not been studied. We evaluated sCD14 in relation to dysglycemia in older adults and how this compares to other markers of inflammation.\ We investigated associations of sCD14, interleukin-6 (IL-6), CRP, and white blood cell (WBC) count with insulin resistance (quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index and HOMA 2 of insulin resistance) and incident type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort of older adults. We also assessed the causal role of sCD14 in insulin resistance using an instrumental variable approach by Mendelian randomization.\ After adjustment for conventional risk factors, each of the four biomarkers showed positive cross-sectional associations with both insulin resistance measures. These associations persisted after mutual adjustment for all markers except sCD14. Over a median follow-up of 11.6 years, 466 cases of diabetes occurred. All biomarkers except sCD14 were positively associated with diabetes, although only WBC count remained associated (hazard ratio 1.43 per doubling [95\% CI 1.07, 1.90]) after mutual adjustment. Instrumental variable analysis did not support a causal role for sCD14 in insulin resistance.\ Among older adults, sCD14 was associated with insulin resistance, but this disappeared after adjustment for other biomarkers, showed no evidence of a causal basis, and was not accompanied by a similar association with diabetes. IL-6, CRP, and WBC count were each associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, WBC count most robustly. These findings do not support a central role for sCD14, but they highlight the preeminence of WBC count as an inflammatory measure of diabetes risk in this population.},
	author = {Shitole, S. G. and Biggs, M. L. and Reiner, A. P. and Mukamal, K. J. and Djouss?, L. and Ix, J. H. and Barzilay, J. I. and Tracy, R. P. and Siscovick, D. and Kizer, J. R.}
}
