@article {1557, title = {Incidence of mild cognitive impairment in the Pittsburgh Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study.}, journal = {Neurology}, volume = {79}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Oct 09}, pages = {1599-606}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and patterns of progression from incident MCI to dementia in 285 cognitively normal subjects (mean age, 78.9 years) in the Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study from 1998-1999 to 2010-2011.

RESULTS: Two hundred (70\%) of the participants progressed to MCI; the age-adjusted incidence of MCI was 111.09 (95\% confidence interval, 88.13-142.95) per 1,000 person-years. A total of 107 (53.5\%) of the incident MCI subjects progressed to dementia. The mean time from MCI to dementia was 2.8 {\textpm} 1.8 years. Forty (20\%) of the incident MCI cases had an "unstable" course: 19 (9.5\%) converted to MCI and later returned to normal; 10 (5\%) converted to MCI, to normal, and later back to MCI; 7 (3.5\%) converted to MCI, to normal, to MCI, and later to dementia; and 4 (2\%) converted to MCI, to normal, and later to dementia. There was an increased mortality rate among the cognitively normal group (110.10 per 1,000 person-years) compared to those with incident MCI who converted to dementia (41.32 per 1,000 person-years).

CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the subjects aged >80 years developed an MCI syndrome, and half of them progressed to dementia. Once the MCI syndrome was present, the symptoms of dementia appeared within 2 to 3 years. Progression from normal to MCI or from normal to MCI to dementia is not always linear; subjects who developed MCI and later returned to normal can subsequently progress to dementia. Competing mortality and morbidity influence the study of incident MCI and dementia in population cohorts.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognitive Dysfunction, Dementia, Disease Progression, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Incidence, Male, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index}, issn = {1526-632X}, doi = {10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826e25f0}, author = {Lopez, Oscar L and Becker, James T and Chang, Yue-Fang and Sweet, Robert A and DeKosky, Steven T and Gach, Michael H and Carmichael, Owen T and McDade, Eric and Kuller, Lewis H} } @article {6540, title = {Physical activity, body mass index, and brain atrophy in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease.}, journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, volume = {36 Suppl 1}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jan}, pages = {S194-S202}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study was to use a novel imaging biomarker to assess associations between physical activity (PA), body mass index (BMI), and brain structure in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s dementia. We studied 963 participants (mean age: 74.1 {\textpm} 4.4 years) from the multisite Cardiovascular Health Study including healthy controls (n~= 724), Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s dementia patients (n~=~104), and people with mild cognitive impairment (n~= 135). Volumetric brain images were processed using tensor-based morphometry to analyze regional brain volumes. We regressed the local brain tissue volume on reported PA and computed BMI, and performed conjunction analyses using both variables. Covariates included age, sex, and study site. PA was independently associated with greater whole brain and regional brain volumes and reduced ventricular dilation. People with higher BMI had lower whole brain and regional brain volumes. A PA-BMI conjunction analysis showed brain preservation with PA and volume loss with increased BMI in overlapping brain regions. In one of the largest voxel-based cross-sectional studies to date, PA and lower BMI may be beneficial to the brain across the spectrum of aging and neurodegeneration.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Atrophy, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Brain, Cognitive Dysfunction, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Activity, Neuroimaging}, issn = {1558-1497}, doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.036}, author = {Boyle, Christina P and Raji, Cyrus A and Erickson, Kirk I and Lopez, Oscar L and Becker, James T and Gach, H Michael and Longstreth, W T and Teverovskiy, Leonid and Kuller, Lewis H and Carmichael, Owen T and Thompson, Paul M} }