@article {755, title = {Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study: part 1.}, journal = {Arch Neurol}, volume = {60}, year = {2003}, month = {2003 Oct}, pages = {1385-9}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its diagnostic classification in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Cognition Study.

DESIGN: The CHS Cognition Study is an ancillary study of the CHS that was conducted to determine the presence of MCI and dementia in the CHS cohort.

SETTING: Multicenter population study.

PATIENTS: We examined 3608 participants in the CHS who had undergone detailed neurological, neuropsychological, neuroradiological, and psychiatric testing to identify dementia and MCI.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of MCI was determined for the whole cohort, and specific subtypes of MCI were examined in detail only at the Pittsburgh, Pa, center (n = 927). Mild cognitive impairment was classified as either MCI amnestic-type or MCI multiple cognitive deficits-type.

RESULTS: The overall prevalence of MCI was 19\% (465 of 2470 participants); prevalence increased with age from 19\% in participants younger than 75 years to 29\% in those older than 85 years. The overall prevalence of MCI at the Pittsburgh center was 22\% (130 of 599 participants); prevalence of the MCI amnesic-type was 6\% and of the MCI multiple cognitive deficits-type was 16\%.

CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-two percent of the participants aged 75 years or older had MCI. Mild cognitive impairment is a heterogeneous syndrome, where the MCI amnestic-type is less frequent than the MCI multiple cognitive deficits-type. Most of the participants with MCI had comorbid conditions that may affect their cognitive functions.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognition Disorders, Cohort Studies, Dementia, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Pennsylvania, Population, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales}, issn = {0003-9942}, doi = {10.1001/archneur.60.10.1385}, author = {Lopez, Oscar L and Jagust, William J and DeKosky, Steven T and Becker, James T and Fitzpatrick, Annette and Dulberg, Corinne and Breitner, John and Lyketsos, Constantine and Jones, Beverly and Kawas, Claudia and Carlson, Michelle and Kuller, Lewis H} } @article {1333, title = {White matter lesions and brain gray matter volume in cognitively normal elders.}, journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, volume = {33}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Apr}, pages = {834.e7-16}, abstract = {

Cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs) reflect small vessel disease, are common in elderly individuals, and are associated with cognitive impairment. We sought to determine the relationships between WMLs, age, gray matter (GM) volume, and cognition in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). From the Cardiovascular Health Study we selected 740 cognitively normal controls with a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain and a detailed diagnostic evaluation. WML severity was determined using a standardized visual rating system. GM volumes were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry implemented in the Statistical Parametric Mapping software. WMLs were inversely correlated with GM volume, with the greatest volume loss in the frontal cortex. Age-related atrophy was observed in the hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex. Regression analyses revealed links among age, APOE*4 allele, hypertension, WMLs, GM volume, and digit symbol substitution test scores. Both advancing age and hypertension predict higher WML load, which is itself associated with GM atrophy. Longitudinal data are needed to confirm the temporal sequence of events leading to a decline in cognitive function.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Apolipoprotein E4, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Leukoaraiosis, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory Disorders, Mental Status Schedule, Neuropsychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Retrospective Studies}, issn = {1558-1497}, doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.08.010}, author = {Raji, Cyrus A and Lopez, Oscar L and Kuller, Lewis H and Carmichael, Owen T and Longstreth, William T and Gach, H Michael and Boardman, John and Bernick, Charles B and Thompson, Paul M and Becker, James T} }