@article {797, title = {Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation.}, journal = {Circulation}, volume = {110}, year = {2004}, month = {2004 Jul 27}, pages = {368-73}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice and is particularly common in the elderly. Although effects of fish intake, including potential antiarrhythmic effects, may favorably influence risk of AF, relationships between fish intake and AF incidence have not been evaluated.

METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospective, population-based cohort of 4815 adults > or =age 65 years, usual dietary intake was assessed at baseline in 1989 and 1990. Consumption of tuna and other broiled or baked fish correlated with plasma phospholipid long-chain n-3 fatty acids, whereas consumption of fried fish or fish sandwiches (fish burgers) did not. AF incidence was prospectively ascertained on the basis of hospital discharge records and annual electrocardiograms. During 12 years{\textquoteright} follow-up, 980 cases of incident AF were diagnosed. In multivariate analyses, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish was inversely associated with incidence of AF, with 28\% lower risk with intake 1 to 4 times per week (HR=0.72, 95\% CI=0.58 to 0.91, P=0.005), and 31\% lower risk with intake > or =5 times per week (HR=0.69, 95\% CI=0.52 to 0.91, P=0.008), compared with <1 time per month (P trend=0.004). Results were not materially different after adjustment for preceding myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure. In similar analyses, fried fish/fish sandwich consumption was not associated with lower risk of AF.

CONCLUSIONS: Among elderly adults, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish, but not fried fish or fish sandwiches, is associated with lower incidence of AF. Fish intake may influence risk of this common cardiac arrhythmia.

}, keywords = {Aged, Animals, Atrial Fibrillation, Cardiotonic Agents, Cohort Studies, Cooking, Diet, Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Fish Oils, Fishes, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Massachusetts, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Risk, Seafood, Tuna}, issn = {1524-4539}, doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.0000138154.00779.A5}, author = {Mozaffarian, Dariush and Psaty, Bruce M and Rimm, Eric B and Lemaitre, Rozenn N and Burke, Gregory L and Lyles, Mary F and Lefkowitz, David and Siscovick, David S} } @article {6669, title = {Association between hospitalization for pneumonia and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease.}, journal = {JAMA}, volume = {313}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jan 20}, pages = {264-74}, abstract = {

IMPORTANCE: The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) after infection is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hospitalization for pneumonia is associated with an increased short-term and long-term risk of CVD.

DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: We examined 2 community-based cohorts: the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS, n = 5888; enrollment age, >=65 years; enrollment period, 1989-1994) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIC, n = 15,792; enrollment age, 45-64 years; enrollment period, 1987-1989). Participants were followed up through December 31, 2010. We matched each participant hospitalized with pneumonia to 2 controls. Pneumonia cases and controls were followed for occurrence of CVD over 10 years after matching. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD at different time intervals, adjusting for demographics, CVD risk factors, subclinical CVD, comorbidities, and functional status.

EXPOSURES: Hospitalization for pneumonia.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incident CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, and fatal coronary heart disease).

RESULTS: Of 591 pneumonia cases in CHS, 206 had CVD events over 10 years after pneumonia hospitalization. CVD risk after pneumonia was highest in the first year. CVD occurred in 54 cases and 6 controls in the first 30 days (HR, 4.07; 95\% CI, 2.86-5.27); 11 cases and 9 controls between 31 and 90 days (HR, 2.94; 95\% CI, 2.18-3.70); and 22 cases and 55 controls between 91 days and 1 year (HR, 2.10; 95\% CI, 1.59-2.60). Additional CVD risk remained elevated into the tenth year, when 4 cases and 12 controls developed CVD (HR, 1.86; 95\% CI, 1.18-2.55). In ARIC, of 680 pneumonia cases, 112 had CVD over 10 years after hospitalization. CVD occurred in 4 cases and 3 controls in the first 30 days (HR, 2.38; 95\% CI, 1.12-3.63); 4 cases and 0 controls between 31 and 90 days (HR, 2.40; 95\% CI, 1.23-3.47); 11 cases and 8 controls between 91 days and 1 year (HR, 2.19; 95\% CI, 1.20-3.19); and 8 cases and 7 controls during the second year (HR, 1.88; 95\% CI, 1.10-2.66). After the second year, the HRs were no longer statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Hospitalization for pneumonia was associated with increased short-term and long-term risk of CVD, suggesting that pneumonia may be a risk factor for CVD.

}, keywords = {Aged, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Risk Factors}, issn = {1538-3598}, doi = {10.1001/jama.2014.18229}, author = {Corrales-Medina, Vicente F and Alvarez, Karina N and Weissfeld, Lisa A and Angus, Derek C and Chirinos, Julio A and Chang, Chung-Chou H and Newman, Anne and Loehr, Laura and Folsom, Aaron R and Elkind, Mitchell S and Lyles, Mary F and Kronmal, Richard A and Yende, Sachin} }