@article {8528,
	title = {{Soluble CD14 and CD14 Variants, Other Inflammatory Markers, and Glucose Dysregulation in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study},
	journal = {Diabetes Care},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11},
	pages = {2075{\textendash}2082},
	abstract = {Experimental studies have implicated soluble (s)CD14, an effector of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, in insulin resistance, but its role in human metabolic endotoxemia has not been studied. We evaluated sCD14 in relation to dysglycemia in older adults and how this compares to other markers of inflammation.\ We investigated associations of sCD14, interleukin-6 (IL-6), CRP, and white blood cell (WBC) count with insulin resistance (quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index and HOMA 2 of insulin resistance) and incident type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort of older adults. We also assessed the causal role of sCD14 in insulin resistance using an instrumental variable approach by Mendelian randomization.\ After adjustment for conventional risk factors, each of the four biomarkers showed positive cross-sectional associations with both insulin resistance measures. These associations persisted after mutual adjustment for all markers except sCD14. Over a median follow-up of 11.6 years, 466 cases of diabetes occurred. All biomarkers except sCD14 were positively associated with diabetes, although only WBC count remained associated (hazard ratio 1.43 per doubling [95\% CI 1.07, 1.90]) after mutual adjustment. Instrumental variable analysis did not support a causal role for sCD14 in insulin resistance.\ Among older adults, sCD14 was associated with insulin resistance, but this disappeared after adjustment for other biomarkers, showed no evidence of a causal basis, and was not accompanied by a similar association with diabetes. IL-6, CRP, and WBC count were each associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, WBC count most robustly. These findings do not support a central role for sCD14, but they highlight the preeminence of WBC count as an inflammatory measure of diabetes risk in this population.},
	author = {Shitole, S. G. and Biggs, M. L. and Reiner, A. P. and Mukamal, K. J. and Djouss?, L. and Ix, J. H. and Barzilay, J. I. and Tracy, R. P. and Siscovick, D. and Kizer, J. R.}
}
@article {9166,
	title = {{A population-based meta-analysis of circulating GFAP for cognition and dementia risk},
	journal = {Ann Clin Transl Neurol},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1574{\textendash}1585},
	abstract = {Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of reactive astrocytosis, colocalizes with neuropathology in the brain. Blood levels of GFAP have been associated with cognitive decline and dementia status. However, further examinations at a population-based level are necessary to broaden generalizability to community settings.\ Circulating GFAP levels were assayed using a Simoa HD-1 analyzer in 4338 adults without prevalent dementia from four longitudinal community-based cohort studies. The associations between GFAP levels with general cognition, total brain volume, and hippocampal volume were evaluated with separate linear regression models in each cohort with adjustment for age, sex, education, race, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, body mass index, apolipoprotein E ε4 status, site, and time between GFAP blood draw and the outcome. Associations with incident all-cause and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease dementia were evaluated with adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Meta-analysis was performed on the estimates derived from each cohort using random-effects models.\ 0.05). However, each standard deviation unit increase in log-transformed GFAP levels was significantly associated with a 2.5-fold higher risk of incident all-cause dementia (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 2.47 (95\% CI: 1.52-4.01)) and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease dementia (HR: 2.54 [95\% CI: 1.42-4.53]) over up to 15-years of follow-up.\ Results support the potential role of circulating GFAP levels for aiding dementia risk prediction and improving clinical trial stratification in community settings.},
	author = {Gonzales, M. M. and Wiedner, C. and Wang, C. P. and Liu, Q. and Bis, J. C. and Li, Z. and Himali, J. J. and Ghosh, S. and Thomas, E. A. and Parent, D. M. and Kautz, T. F. and Pase, M. P. and Aparicio, H. J. and Djousse, L. and Mukamal, K. J. and Psaty, B. M. and Longstreth, W. T. and Mosley, T. H. and Gudnason, V. and Mbangdadji, D. and Lopez, O. L. and Yaffe, K. and Sidney, S. and Bryan, R. N. and Nasrallah, I. M. and DeCarli, C. S. and Beiser, A. S. and Launer, L. J. and Fornage, M. and Tracy, R. P. and Seshadri, S. and Satizabal, C. L.}
}
@article {9415,
	title = {{Serum NfL and GFAP are associated with incident dementia and dementia mortality in older adults: The cardiovascular health study},
	journal = {Alzheimers Dement},
	year = {2023},
	month = {Jul},
	abstract = {Circulating neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) have been independently associated with dementia risk. Their additive association, and their associations with dementia-specific mortality, have not been investigated.\ We associated serum NfL, GFAP, total tau ,and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1, measured in 1712 dementia-free adults, with 19-year incident dementia and dementia-specific mortality risk, and with 3-year cognitive decline.\ 2.06 (1.60-2.67) and 9.22 (4.48-18.9). NfL was independently associated with accelerated cognitive decline.\ Circulating NfL and GFAP may, independently and jointly, provide useful clinical insight regarding dementia risk and prognosis.},
	author = {{\'e}, H. T. and Liu, X. and Odden, M. C. and Moseholm, K. F. and Seshadri, S. and Satizabal, C. L. and Lopez, O. L. and Bis, J. C. and {\'e}, L. and Fohner, A. E. and Psaty, B. M. and Tracy, R. P. and Longstreth, W. T. and Jensen, M. K. and Mukamal, K. J.}
}
