@article {1416,
	title = {Fibrinogen and factor VIII, but not factor VII, are associated with measures of subclinical cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Results from The Cardiovascular Health Study.},
	journal = {Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995 Sep},
	pages = {1269-79},
	abstract = {<p>No studies have examined the associations of coagulation factor levels with measures of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) is a prospective, population-based cohort study of CVD in persons older than 65 years. At the baseline examination, we measured fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII levels in 5024 of the 5201 participants of the CHS and examined the associations of these coagulation factors with measures of subclinical CVD in a cross-sectional analysis. Subclinical CVD measures were based on electrocardiography, carotid ultrasonography, echocardiography, and ankle-arm blood pressure measurements (AAI). For analyses, we used the full cohort as well as two mutually exclusive subgroups: those with prevalent clinical CVD at baseline and those without. Fibrinogen and to a lesser extent factor VIII showed positive associations with a variety of subclinical CVD measures. In age-adjusted analyses, fibrinogen and factor VIII were significantly associated with 8 of 10 measures. In multivariate analyses, fibrinogen was significantly associated with carotid artery stenosis, internal (but not common) carotid artery wall thickness, and AAI. Factor VIII was associated with abnormal wall motion and AAI in the full cohort only. Factor VII was not consistently associated with subclinical disease measures. In bivariate analyses that included data from all three groups, there were 5 positive subclinical disease associations and 5 negative associations for factor VII. In multivariate analyses, there were no significant associations between factor VII and subclinical CVD in the full cohort or in either subgroup. We conclude that in these cross-sectional analyses, fibrinogen and to a lesser extent factor VIII are associated with subclinical CVD in the elderly, even in those without symptoms or a history of clinical CVD. Factor VII, however, was not associated with subclinical CVD in the elderly.</p>},
	keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Carotid Stenosis, Cohort Studies, Factor VII, Factor VIII, Fibrinogen, Humans, Multivariate Analysis, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors},
	issn = {1079-5642},
	author = {Tracy, R P and Bovill, E G and Yanez, D and Psaty, B M and Fried, L P and Heiss, G and Lee, M and Polak, J F and Savage, P J}
}
@article {1457,
	title = {Association of fibrinogen and coagulation factors VII and VIII with cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Health Study Investigators.},
	journal = {Am J Epidemiol},
	volume = {143},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996 Apr 01},
	pages = {665-76},
	abstract = {<p>The cross-sectional correlates of three hemostatic factors--fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII--were examined in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based cohort study of 5,201 subjects over age 65 years. Subjects were recruited in 1989-1990 in Forsyth County, North Carolina; Sacramento County, California; Washington County, Maryland; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In multivariate linear regression models, cardiac risk factors significantly associated with fibrinogen were current smoking, race, lipids, and white blood count. In women, alcohol use, obesity, physical activity, and insulin level were also significant, while in men hypertension was correlated. The significant correlates of factor VII were lipids and white blood count in men and estrogen use, alcohol use, race, lipids, insulin level, white blood count, and obesity in women. The independent correlates of factor VIII were insulin, glucose, and race in both sexes; low density lipoprotein cholesterol, white blood count, and diuretic use in men; and alcohol use in women. In multivariate models, factors known to be modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease accounted for more of the population variance of these hemostatic factors in women than in men, especially for factor VII. The hemostatic factors may mediate some effects of risk factors on disease, and this should be considered in longitudinal studies.</p>},
	keywords = {Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cohort Studies, Factor VII, Factor VIII, Female, Fibrinogen, Humans, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, United States},
	issn = {0002-9262},
	author = {Cushman, M and Yanez, D and Psaty, B M and Fried, L P and Heiss, G and Lee, M and Polak, J F and Savage, P J and Tracy, R P}
}
