@article {1080, title = {Lack of association of soluble endothelial protein C receptor and PROCR 6936A/G polymorphism with the risk of venous thromboembolism in a prospective study.}, journal = {Br J Haematol}, volume = {145}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Apr}, pages = {221-6}, abstract = {

Prior case-control studies reported that levels of the soluble form of the endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) were strongly controlled by the PROCR 6963A/G polymorphism and higher levels were a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). We sought to prospectively examine the association of sEPCR and the 6963A/G polymorphism with the incidence of VTE. The Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology (LITE) pooled data from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study on men and women aged > or =45 years. A nested case-control study of 458 incident VTE and 1038 controls was performed. sEPCR levels were distributed trimodally according to 6963A/G polymorphism. Adjusting for age, sex and race, there was no overall association between sEPCR level and VTE: odds ratio (OR) [95\% confidence interval] for highest versus lowest quartile = 1.17[0.86-1.59]. However, higher sEPCR was associated with VTE in non-whites (OR = 1.84[1.05-3.22]) and women (OR = 1.51[1.01-2.26]). The 6963A/G polymorphism was not associated with VTE risk (OR = 0.93[0.70-1.25]). In conclusion, sEPCR levels and the PROCR 6963A/G polymorphism were not associated overall with increased risk of VTE.

}, keywords = {Antigens, CD, Case-Control Studies, Endothelial Protein C Receptor, Female, Genotype, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Polymorphism, Genetic, Prospective Studies, Receptors, Cell Surface, Risk, Venous Thromboembolism}, issn = {1365-2141}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07612.x}, author = {Yamagishi, Kazumasa and Cushman, Mary and Heckbert, Susan R and Tsai, Michael Y and Folsom, Aaron R} } @article {6086, title = {Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Nov 10}, pages = {1662-73}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease is characterised by low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and high albuminuria, and is associated with adverse outcomes. Whether these risks are modified by diabetes is unknown.

METHODS: We did a meta-analysis of studies selected according to Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium criteria. Data transfer and analyses were done between March, 2011, and June, 2012. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) associated with eGFR and albuminuria in individuals with and without diabetes.

FINDINGS: We analysed data for 1,024,977 participants (128,505 with diabetes) from 30 general population and high-risk cardiovascular cohorts and 13 chronic kidney disease cohorts. In the combined general population and high-risk cohorts with data for all-cause mortality, 75,306 deaths occurred during a mean follow-up of 8{\textperiodcentered}5 years (SD 5{\textperiodcentered}0). In the 23 studies with data for cardiovascular mortality, 21,237 deaths occurred from cardiovascular disease during a mean follow-up of 9{\textperiodcentered}2 years (SD 4{\textperiodcentered}9). In the general and high-risk cohorts, mortality risks were 1{\textperiodcentered}2-1{\textperiodcentered}9 times higher for participants with diabetes than for those without diabetes across the ranges of eGFR and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). With fixed eGFR and ACR reference points in the diabetes and no diabetes groups, HR of mortality outcomes according to lower eGFR and higher ACR were much the same in participants with and without diabetes (eg, for all-cause mortality at eGFR 45 mL/min per 1{\textperiodcentered}73 m(2) [vs 95 mL/min per 1{\textperiodcentered}73 m(2)], HR 1{\textperiodcentered}35; 95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}18-1{\textperiodcentered}55; vs 1{\textperiodcentered}33; 1{\textperiodcentered}19-1{\textperiodcentered}48 and at ACR 30 mg/g [vs 5 mg/g], 1{\textperiodcentered}50; 1{\textperiodcentered}35-1{\textperiodcentered}65 vs 1{\textperiodcentered}52; 1{\textperiodcentered}38-1{\textperiodcentered}67). The overall interactions were not significant. We identified much the same findings for ESRD in the chronic kidney disease cohorts.

INTERPRETATION: Despite higher risks for mortality and ESRD in diabetes, the relative risks of these outcomes by eGFR and ACR are much the same irrespective of the presence or absence of diabetes, emphasising the importance of kidney disease as a predictor of clinical outcomes.

FUNDING: US National Kidney Foundation.

}, keywords = {Aged, Albuminuria, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Diabetic Nephropathies, Female, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Humans, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61350-6}, author = {Fox, Caroline S and Matsushita, Kunihiro and Woodward, Mark and Bilo, Henk J G and Chalmers, John and Heerspink, Hiddo J Lambers and Lee, Brian J and Perkins, Robert M and Rossing, Peter and Sairenchi, Toshimi and Tonelli, Marcello and Vassalotti, Joseph A and Yamagishi, Kazumasa and Coresh, Josef and de Jong, Paul E and Wen, Chi-Pang and Nelson, Robert G} }