@article {1288,
	title = {Enhanced statistical tests for GWAS in admixed populations: assessment using African Americans from CARe and a Breast Cancer Consortium.},
	journal = {PLoS Genet},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Apr},
	pages = {e1001371},
	abstract = {<p>While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have primarily examined populations of European ancestry, more recent studies often involve additional populations, including admixed populations such as African Americans and Latinos. In admixed populations, linkage disequilibrium (LD) exists both at a fine scale in ancestral populations and at a coarse scale (admixture-LD) due to chromosomal segments of distinct ancestry. Disease association statistics in admixed populations have previously considered SNP association (LD mapping) or admixture association (mapping by admixture-LD), but not both. Here, we introduce a new statistical framework for combining SNP and admixture association in case-control studies, as well as methods for local ancestry-aware imputation. We illustrate the gain in statistical power achieved by these methods by analyzing data of 6,209 unrelated African Americans from the CARe project genotyped on the Affymetrix 6.0 chip, in conjunction with both simulated and real phenotypes, as well as by analyzing the FGFR2 locus using breast cancer GWAS data from 5,761 African-American women. We show that, at typed SNPs, our method yields an 8\% increase in statistical power for finding disease risk loci compared to the power achieved by standard methods in case-control studies. At imputed SNPs, we observe an 11\% increase in statistical power for mapping disease loci when our local ancestry-aware imputation framework and the new scoring statistic are jointly employed. Finally, we show that our method increases statistical power in regions harboring the causal SNP in the case when the causal SNP is untyped and cannot be imputed. Our methods and our publicly available software are broadly applicable to GWAS in admixed populations.</p>},
	keywords = {African Americans, Algorithms, Breast Neoplasms, Chromosome Mapping, Coronary Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Gene Frequency, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population, Genome, Human, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genotype, Humans, Linkage Disequilibrium, Male, Odds Ratio, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Principal Component Analysis, Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2, Software},
	issn = {1553-7404},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1001371},
	author = {Pasaniuc, Bogdan and Zaitlen, Noah and Lettre, Guillaume and Chen, Gary K and Tandon, Arti and Kao, W H Linda and Ruczinski, Ingo and Fornage, Myriam and Siscovick, David S and Zhu, Xiaofeng and Larkin, Emma and Lange, Leslie A and Cupples, L Adrienne and Yang, Qiong and Akylbekova, Ermeg L and Musani, Solomon K and Divers, Jasmin and Mychaleckyj, Joe and Li, Mingyao and Papanicolaou, George J and Millikan, Robert C and Ambrosone, Christine B and John, Esther M and Bernstein, Leslie and Zheng, Wei and Hu, Jennifer J and Ziegler, Regina G and Nyante, Sarah J and Bandera, Elisa V and Ingles, Sue A and Press, Michael F and Chanock, Stephen J and Deming, Sandra L and Rodriguez-Gil, Jorge L and Palmer, Cameron D and Buxbaum, Sarah and Ekunwe, Lynette and Hirschhorn, Joel N and Henderson, Brian E and Myers, Simon and Haiman, Christopher A and Reich, David and Patterson, Nick and Wilson, James G and Price, Alkes L}
}
@article {6558,
	title = {Large multiethnic Candidate Gene Study for C-reactive protein levels: identification of a novel association at CD36 in African Americans.},
	journal = {Hum Genet},
	volume = {133},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 Aug},
	pages = {985-95},
	abstract = {<p>C-reactive protein (CRP) is a heritable biomarker of systemic inflammation and a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Large-scale genetic association studies for CRP have largely focused on individuals of European descent. We sought to uncover novel genetic variants for CRP in a multiethnic sample using the ITMAT Broad-CARe (IBC) array, a custom 50,000 SNP gene-centric array having dense coverage of over 2,000 candidate CVD genes. We performed analyses on 7,570 African Americans (AA) from the Candidate gene Association Resource (CARe) study and race-combined meta-analyses that included 29,939 additional individuals of European descent from CARe, the Women{\textquoteright}s Health Initiative (WHI) and KORA studies. We observed array-wide significance (p < 2.2 {\texttimes} 10(-6)) for four loci in AA, three of which have been reported previously in individuals of European descent (IL6R, p = 2.0 {\texttimes} 10(-6); CRP, p = 4.2 {\texttimes} 10(-71); APOE, p = 1.6 {\texttimes} 10(-6)). The fourth significant locus, CD36 (p = 1.6 {\texttimes} 10(-6)), was observed at a functional variant (rs3211938) that is extremely rare in individuals of European descent. We replicated the CD36 finding (p = 1.8 {\texttimes} 10(-5)) in an independent sample of 8,041 AA women from WHI; a meta-analysis combining the CARe and WHI AA results at rs3211938 reached genome-wide significance (p = 1.5 {\texttimes} 10(-10)). In the race-combined meta-analyses, 13 loci reached significance, including ten (CRP, TOMM40/APOE/APOC1, HNF1A, LEPR, GCKR, IL6R, IL1RN, NLRP3, HNF4A and BAZ1B/BCL7B) previously associated with CRP, and one (ARNTL) previously reported to be nominally associated with CRP. Two novel loci were also detected (RPS6KB1, p = 2.0 {\texttimes} 10(-6); CD36, p = 1.4 {\texttimes} 10(-6)). These results highlight both shared and unique genetic risk factors for CRP in AA compared to populations of European descent.</p>},
	keywords = {Adult, African Americans, Aged, Biomarkers, C-Reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases, CD36 Antigens, Female, Genetic Loci, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetics, Population, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Risk Factors},
	issn = {1432-1203},
	doi = {10.1007/s00439-014-1439-z},
	author = {Ellis, Jaclyn and Lange, Ethan M and Li, Jin and Dupuis, Jos{\'e}e and Baumert, Jens and Walston, Jeremy D and Keating, Brendan J and Durda, Peter and Fox, Ervin R and Palmer, Cameron D and Meng, Yan A and Young, Taylor and Farlow, Deborah N and Schnabel, Renate B and Marzi, Carola S and Larkin, Emma and Martin, Lisa W and Bis, Joshua C and Auer, Paul and Ramachandran, Vasan S and Gabriel, Stacey B and Willis, Monte S and Pankow, James S and Papanicolaou, George J and Rotter, Jerome I and Ballantyne, Christie M and Gross, Myron D and Lettre, Guillaume and Wilson, James G and Peters, Ulrike and Koenig, Wolfgang and Tracy, Russell P and Redline, Susan and Reiner, Alex P and Benjamin, Emelia J and Lange, Leslie A}
}
