@article {6540,
	title = {Physical activity, body mass index, and brain atrophy in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease.},
	journal = {Neurobiol Aging},
	volume = {36 Suppl 1},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Jan},
	pages = {S194-S202},
	abstract = {<p>The purpose of this study was to use a novel imaging biomarker to assess associations between physical activity (PA), body mass index (BMI), and brain structure in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s dementia. We studied 963 participants (mean age: 74.1 {\textpm} 4.4 years) from the multisite Cardiovascular Health Study including healthy controls (n~= 724), Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s dementia patients (n~=~104), and people with mild cognitive impairment (n~= 135). Volumetric brain images were processed using tensor-based morphometry to analyze regional brain volumes. We regressed the local brain tissue volume on reported PA and computed BMI, and performed conjunction analyses using both variables. Covariates included age, sex, and study site. PA was independently associated with greater whole brain and regional brain volumes and reduced ventricular dilation. People with higher BMI had lower whole brain and regional brain volumes. A PA-BMI conjunction analysis showed brain preservation with PA and volume loss with increased BMI in overlapping brain regions. In one of the largest voxel-based cross-sectional studies to date, PA and lower BMI may be beneficial to the brain across the spectrum of aging and neurodegeneration. </p>},
	keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Atrophy, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Brain, Cognitive Dysfunction, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Activity, Neuroimaging},
	issn = {1558-1497},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.036},
	author = {Boyle, Christina P and Raji, Cyrus A and Erickson, Kirk I and Lopez, Oscar L and Becker, James T and Gach, H Michael and Longstreth, W T and Teverovskiy, Leonid and Kuller, Lewis H and Carmichael, Owen T and Thompson, Paul M}
}
@article {8479,
	title = {Estrogen, brain structure, and cognition in postmenopausal women.},
	journal = {Hum Brain Mapp},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020 Sep 10},
	abstract = {<p>Declining estrogen levels before, during, and after menopause can affect memory and risk for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Undesirable side effects of hormone variations emphasize a role for hormone therapy (HT) where possible benefits include a delay in the onset of dementia-yet findings are inconsistent. Effects of HT may be mediated by estrogen receptors found throughout the brain. Effects may also depend on lifestyle factors, timing of use, and genetic risk. We studied the impact of self-reported HT use on brain volume in 562 elderly women (71-94 years) with mixed cognitive status while adjusting for aforementioned factors. Covariate-adjusted voxelwise linear regression analyses using a model with 16 predictors showed HT use as positively associated with regional brain volumes, regardless of cognitive status. Examinations of other factors related to menopause, oophorectomy and hysterectomy status independently yielded positive effects on brain volume when added to our model. One interaction term, HTxBMI, out of several examined, revealed significant negative association with overall brain volume, suggesting a greater reduction in brain volume than BMI alone. Our main findings relating HT to regional brain volume were as hypothesized, but some exploratory analyses were not in line with existing hypotheses. Studies suggest lower levels of estrogen resulting from oophorectomy and hysterectomy affect brain volume negatively, and the addition of HT modifies the relation between BMI and brain volume positively. Effects of HT may depend on the age range assessed, motivating studies with a wider age range as well as a randomized design.</p>},
	issn = {1097-0193},
	doi = {10.1002/hbm.25200},
	author = {Boyle, Christina P and Raji, Cyrus A and Erickson, Kirk I and Lopez, Oscar L and Becker, James T and Gach, H Michael and Kuller, Lewis H and Longstreth, William and Carmichael, Owen T and Riedel, Brandalyn C and Thompson, Paul M}
}
