@article {951, title = {Echocardiographic design of a multicenter investigation of free-living elderly subjects: the Cardiovascular Health Study.}, journal = {J Am Soc Echocardiogr}, volume = {5}, year = {1992}, month = {1992 Jan-Feb}, pages = {63-72}, abstract = {

The Framingham study has shown by M-mode echocardiography that left ventricular hypertrophy is a powerful, independent predictor for the development of coronary heart disease and that increased left atrial dimension has been associated with an increased risk of stroke. No previous population-based study has evaluated the risk factor correlates and predictive value for coronary heart disease and stroke of two-dimensional and Doppler, as well as M-mode, echocardiography. The Cardiovascular Health Study is a multi-year prospective epidemiologic study of 5201 men and women older than 65 recruited from four geographic sites in the United States. The main objectives of incorporating echocardiography were to determine whether echocardiographic indices, or changes in these indices, are (1) correlated with traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke; and (2) independent predictors of morbidity and mortality for coronary heart disease and stroke. Echocardiographic measurements of interest include those related to global and segmental left ventricular systolic and diastolic structure and function and left atrial size. For each subject, a baseline echocardiogram was recorded in super-VHS tape using a standard protocol and equipment. All studies were sent to a reading center where images were digitized and measurements were made using customized computer algorithms. Calculated data and images were stored on optical disks to facilitate retrieval and future comparisons in longitudinal studies. A second echocardiogram is scheduled in year 7, with a goal of determining whether changes in cardiac anatomy or function over a 5-year period are important predictors of morbidity or mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke. Quality control measures included standardized training of echocardiography technicians and readers, technician observation by a trained echocardiographer, periodic blind duplicate readings with reader review sessions, phantom studies, and quality control adults.

}, keywords = {Allied Health Personnel, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Coronary Disease, Echocardiography, Echocardiography, Doppler, Humans, Prospective Studies, Quality Control, Risk Factors, United States}, issn = {0894-7317}, doi = {10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80105-3}, author = {Gardin, J M and Wong, N D and Bommer, W and Klopfenstein, H S and Smith, V E and Tabatznik, B and Siscovick, D and Lobodzinski, S and Anton-Culver, H and Manolio, T A} } @article {1430, title = {Cardiac arrhythmias on 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography in older women and men: the Cardiovascular Health Study.}, journal = {J Am Coll Cardiol}, volume = {23}, year = {1994}, month = {1994 Mar 15}, pages = {916-25}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: This study describes the prevalence and correlates of cardiac arrhythmias in older persons.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrhythmias are frequent in selected samples of elderly persons, but their prevalence and association with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors have not been examined in a large population-based sample.

METHODS: In 1,372 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based study of cardiovascular disease risk factors, 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography was performed.

RESULTS: Serious arrhythmias, such as sustained ventricular tachycardia and complete atrioventricular block, were uncommon, but brief episodes of ventricular tachycardia (> or = 3 consecutive ventricular depolarizations) were detected in 4.3\% of women and 10.3\% of men. Ventricular arrhythmias as a group (excluding ectopic beats < 15/h) were more common in men than in women but were not significantly associated with age. The same patterns were true for bradycardia/conduction blocks. Supraventricular arrhythmias as a group (excluding ectopic beats < 15/h), in contrast, did not differ by gender but were strongly associated with increased age. Multivariate analyses showed associations with arrhythmias to differ by gender, with only one association (increased age and supraventricular arrhythmias) present in both women and men. Ventricular arrhythmias, particularly in men, were associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors and with subclinical disease, as measured by increased left ventricular mass and impaired left ventricular function.

CONCLUSIONS: Arrhythmias are common in the elderly, and their association with cardiovascular disease differs by gender. Although risk related to arrhythmias can only be determined by prospective study, such studies should have adequate power to examine potential gender differences in associations.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Cardiovascular Diseases, Circadian Rhythm, Electrocardiography, Ambulatory, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Sex Factors}, issn = {0735-1097}, author = {Manolio, T A and Furberg, C D and Rautaharju, P M and Siscovick, D and Newman, A B and Borhani, N O and Gardin, J M and Tabatznik, B} } @article {1451, title = {Ischemic episodes in 24-h ambulatory electrocardiograms of elderly persons: the Cardiovascular Health Study.}, journal = {Int J Cardiol}, volume = {51}, year = {1995}, month = {1995 Sep}, pages = {165-75}, abstract = {

We examined correlates of ischemic episodes in 24-h ambulatory electrocardiograms (ECG) in a sample of 1511 men and women 65 years old and older. Ischemic episodes had a high prevalence period during early afternoon and also during morning hours after awakening, and the overall prevalence was 13\% in men and 9\% in women (P < 0.001 for gender difference). The prevalence was 9.6\% in participants with no history of myocardial infarction and no major or minor resting ECG abnormalities. In multivariate analysis by logistic regression, being on digitalis medication was associated with over a three-fold risk of ischemic episodes, with an odds ratio (95\% confidence limits) of 3.21 (1.80 to 5.74). Left ventricular hypertrophy by ECG and atrial fibrillation had almost a three-fold excess risk of ischemic episodes, with odds ratios 2.81 (1.37 to 5.74) and 2.63 (1.17 to 5.91), respectively. Isolated ST-T abnormalities had almost a two-fold excess of ischemic episodes, with an odds ratio of 1.89 (1.01 to 3.54). Being overweight was associated with a 33\% reduced likelihood of ischemic episodes after adjustment for other factors, with an odds ratio of 0.67 (0.46 to 0.98). It is concluded that the prevalence of silent ischemic episodes is high in older men and women.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Aged, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Atrial Fibrillation, California, Circadian Rhythm, Digitalis Glycosides, Electrocardiography, Electrocardiography, Ambulatory, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Logistic Models, Male, Maryland, Multivariate Analysis, Myocardial Infarction, Myocardial Ischemia, North Carolina, Obesity, Odds Ratio, Pennsylvania, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics}, issn = {0167-5273}, author = {Rautaharju, P M and Manolio, T A and Furberg, C D and Siscovick, D and Newman, A B and Borhani, N O and Gardin, J M} } @article {1422, title = {Sex, age, and disease affect echocardiographic left ventricular mass and systolic function in the free-living elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study.}, journal = {Circulation}, volume = {91}, year = {1995}, month = {1995 Mar 15}, pages = {1739-48}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, as measured by M-mode echocardiography, is an independent predictor of mortality and/or morbidity from coronary heart disease (CHD). LV global and segmental systolic dysfunction also have been associated with myocardial ischemia and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Echocardiographic data, especially two-dimensional, have not been available previously from multicenter-based studies of the elderly. This report describes the distribution and relation at baseline of echocardiographic LV mass and global and segmental LV wall motion to age, sex, and clinical disease category in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a cohort of 5201 men and women (4850 white) 65 years of age and older.

METHODS AND RESULTS: M-mode LV mass adjusted for body weight increased modestly with age (P < .0001), increasing less than one gram per year increase in age for both men and women. After adjustment for weight, LV mass was significantly greater in men than in women and in participants with clinical CHD compared with participants with neither clinical heart disease nor hypertension (both P < .001). Across all CHS age subgroups, the difference in weight-adjusted LV mass by sex was greater in magnitude than the difference related to clinical CHD. M-mode measurements of LV mass could not be made in 34\% of CHS participants, and this was highly related to age (29\% in the 65 to 69 year versus 50\% in the 85+ year age group, P < .001) and other risk factors. In participants with clinical CHD and with neither clinical heart disease nor hypertension, LV ejection fraction and segmental wall motion abnormalities were more prevalent in men than women (all P < .001). Of interest, 0.5\% of men and 0.4\% of women with neither clinical heart disease nor hypertension had LV segmental wall motion abnormalities, suggesting silent disease, compared with 26\% of men and 10\% of women in the clinical CHD group (P < .0001). Multivariate analyses revealed male sex and presence of clinical CHD (both P < .001) to be independent predictors of LV akinesis or dyskinesis.

CONCLUSIONS: Significant baseline relations were detected between differences in sex, prevalent disease status, and echocardiographic measurements of LV mass and systolic function in the CHS cohort. Age was weakly associated with LV mass measurements and LV ejection fraction abnormalities. These relations should be considered in evaluating the preclinical and clinical effects of CHD risk factors in the elderly.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cohort Studies, Coronary Disease, Echocardiography, Female, Humans, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Male, Sex Factors, Systole}, issn = {0009-7322}, author = {Gardin, J M and Siscovick, D and Anton-Culver, H and Lynch, J C and Smith, V E and Klopfenstein, H S and Bommer, W J and Fried, L and O{\textquoteright}Leary, D and Manolio, T A} } @article {1527, title = {Classification accuracy of electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in normal weight and overweight older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study}, journal = {Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology}, volume = {1}, year = {1996}, month = {1996-01-01}, pages = {132}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {BACKGROUND We evaluated classification accuracy of ECG criteria at varying levels of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) severity according to echocardiographically measured left ventricular mass (LVM) adjusted body size. METHODS: The test population was derived from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a population based sample of 5201 men and women aged 65 and older, and consisted of 1844 women and 1119 men with adequate quality ECGs and echocardiograms for LVM determination. The criteria evaluated were Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell Voltage, Cornell product, Framingham modification of Cornell voltage, and the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) of the Novacode ECG program. RESULTS: With LVH thresholds at upper 95\% normal limit for weight adjusted LVM for the CHS population and ECG thresholds adjusted for 95\% specificity in normal weight and overweight subgroups, the sensitivity of ECG criteria for LVH was relatively low. it was highest (40.8\%) for the Novacode LVMI in normal weight men and for the Framingham criteria (30.9\%) in normal weight women, but it deteriorated for both of these criteria in the presence of obesity. The overall performance of the Cornell product and Cornell voltage criteria was least influenced by obesity. The Framingham adjustment for the Cornell Voltage criteria for obesity substantially reduced their sensitivity. CONCLUSION: The choice of echocardiographic standard, LVH severity level and overweight in the test groups have a strong influence on ECG evaluation results.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Body Size, classification, Health, Hypertrophy, methods, Obesity, Population}, author = {Rautaharju, PM and Manolio, TA and Siscovick, D and Zhou, SH and Gardin, JM and Furberg, CD and Borhani, NO and Newman, AB} } @article {1458, title = {Utility of new electrocardiographic models for left ventricular mass in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group.}, journal = {Hypertension}, volume = {28}, year = {1996}, month = {1996 Jul}, pages = {8-15}, abstract = {

Several multivariate statistical models have recently been introduced for estimation of left ventricular mass from standard 12-lead electrocardiographic measurements. The validity of these algorithms has not been adequately evaluated. The objective of this investigation was to compare the associations between echocardiographic and electrocardiographic left ventricular mass values with clinical and subclinical indexes of coronary heart disease. The evaluation was performed with participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based sample of 5201 men and women aged 65 years and older. Echocardiographic M-mode measurements of left ventricular mass were performed from videotape recordings with the use of a strictly standardized protocol. Electrocardiographic algorithms of the Novacode program and new algorithms derived from the Cardiovascular Health Study population were used for left ventricular mass prediction. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic determinations of left ventricular mass were technically successful in 3410 (65.6\%) and 5013 (96.4\%) participants, respectively. The Novacode model overestimated echocardiographic left ventricular mass. Compared with the Novacode model, the new Cardiovascular Health Study electrocardiographic model, which includes adjustment for body weight, eliminated left ventricular mass prediction bias and improved the correlation between echocardiographic and electrocardiographic left ventricular mass from .33 to .54 in women and from .46 to .51 in men. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic models both demonstrated similar and about equally strong associations with overt and subclinical disease and with risk factors for left ventricular hypertrophy. These observations demonstrate the potential utility of electrocardiographic models for left ventricular mass estimation.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Aged, Echocardiography, Electrocardiography, Female, Humans, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Linear Models, Male, Models, Cardiovascular, Obesity, Odds Ratio, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Videotape Recording}, issn = {0194-911X}, author = {Rautaharju, P M and Manolio, T A and Siscovick, D and Zhou, S H and Gardin, J M and Kronmal, R and Furberg, C D and Borhani, N O and Newman, A} } @article {1476, title = {Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Health Study.}, journal = {J Am Coll Cardiol}, volume = {29}, year = {1997}, month = {1997 Mar 01}, pages = {630-4}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of aortic sclerosis and stenosis in the elderly and to identify clinical factors associated with degenerative aortic valve disease.

BACKGROUND: Several lines of evidence suggest that degenerative aortic valve disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging and may be associated with specific clinical factors.

METHODS: In 5,201 subjects > or = 65 years of age enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study, the relation between aortic sclerosis or stenosis identified on echocardiography and clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis was evaluated by using stepwise logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS: Aortic valve sclerosis was present in 26\% and aortic valve stenosis in 2\% of the entire study cohort; in subjects > or = 75 years of age, sclerosis was present in 37\% and stenosis in 2.6\%. Independent clinical factors associated with degenerative aortic valve disease included age (twofold increased risk for each 10-year increase in age), male gender (twofold excess risk), present smoking (35\% increase in risk) and a history of hypertension (20\% increase in risk). Other significant factors included height and high lipoprotein(a) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

CONCLUSIONS: Clinical factors associated with aortic sclerosis and stenosis can be identified and are similar to risk factors for atherosclerosis.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aortic Valve, Aortic Valve Stenosis, Calcinosis, Female, Heart Valve Diseases, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sclerosis}, issn = {0735-1097}, author = {Stewart, B F and Siscovick, D and Lind, B K and Gardin, J M and Gottdiener, J S and Smith, V E and Kitzman, D W and Otto, C M} } @article {1502, title = {Body mass index and mortality in nonsmoking older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.}, journal = {Am J Public Health}, volume = {88}, year = {1998}, month = {1998 Apr}, pages = {623-9}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: This study assesses the relationship of body mass index to 5-year mortality in a cohort of 4317 nonsmoking men and women aged 65 to 100 years.

METHODS: Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict mortality as a function of baseline body mass index, adjusting for demographic, clinical, and laboratory covariates.

RESULTS: There was an inverse relationship between body mass index and mortality; death rates were higher for those who weighed the least. Inclusion of covariates had trivial effects on these results. People who had lost 10\% or more of their body weight since age 50 had a relatively high death rate. When that group was excluded, there was no remaining relationship between body mass index and mortality.

CONCLUSIONS: The association between higher body mass index and mortality often found in middle-aged populations was not observed in this large cohort of older adults. Over-weight does not seem to be a risk factor for 5-year mortality in this age group. Rather, the risks associated with significant weight loss should be the primary concern.

}, keywords = {Age Distribution, Aged, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Mortality, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Smoking, Survival Analysis, United States, Weight Loss}, issn = {0090-0036}, author = {Diehr, P and Bild, D E and Harris, T B and Duxbury, A and Siscovick, D and Rossi, M} } @article {586, title = {Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. The Cardiovascular Health Study Group.}, journal = {Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol}, volume = {19}, year = {1999}, month = {1999 Mar}, pages = {538-45}, abstract = {

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the legs, measured noninvasively by the ankle-arm index (AAI) is associated with clinically manifest cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors. To determine risk of total mortality, coronary heart disease, or stroke mortality and incident versus recurrent CVD associated with a low AAI, we examined the relationship of the AAI to subsequent CVD events in 5888 older adults with and without CVD. The AAI was measured in 5888 participants >/=65 years old at the baseline examination of the Cardiovascular Health Study. All participants had a detailed assessment of prevalent CVD and were contacted every 6 months for total mortality and CVD events (including CVD mortality, fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, angina, stroke, and hospitalized PAD). The crude mortality rate at 6 years was highest (32.3\%) in those participants with prevalent CVD and a low AAI (P<0.9), and it was lowest in those with neither of these findings (8.7\%, P<0.01). Similar patterns emerged from analysis of recurrent CVD and incident CVD. The risk for incident congestive heart failure (relative risk [RR]=1.61) and for total mortality (RR=1.62) in those without CVD at baseline but with a low AAI remained significantly elevated after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. Hospitalized PAD events occurred months to years after the AAI was measured, with an adjusted RR of 5.55 (95\% CI, 3.08 to 9.98) in those at risk for incident events. A statistically significant decline in survival was seen at each 0.1 decrement in the AAI. An AAI of <0.9 is an independent risk factor for incident CVD, recurrent CVD, and mortality in this group of older adults in the Cardiovascular Health Study.

}, keywords = {Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Ankle, Arm, Blood Pressure Determination, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Survival Analysis}, issn = {1079-5642}, doi = {10.1161/01.atv.19.3.538}, author = {Newman, A B and Shemanski, L and Manolio, T A and Cushman, M and Mittelmark, M and Polak, J F and Powe, N R and Siscovick, D} } @article {621, title = {Race- and sex-specific ECG models for left ventricular mass in older populations. Factors influencing overestimation of left ventricular hypertrophy prevalence by ECG criteria in African-Americans.}, journal = {J Electrocardiol}, volume = {33}, year = {2000}, month = {2000 Jul}, pages = {205-18}, abstract = {

The validity of the reported high prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) among African-American men and women has been questioned owing to conflicting echocardiographic evidence. We used echocardiographic left ventricular mass (LVM) from M-mode measurements to evaluate associations between LVM, body size, and electrocardiographic (ECG) variables in 3,627 white and African-American men and women 65 years of age and older who were participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a multicenter cohort study of risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke. ECG amplitudes used in LVH criteria were substantially higher in African-Americans, with apparent LVH prevalence 2 to 3 times higher in African American men and women than in white men and women, although there was no significant racial difference in echocardiographic LVM. The higher apparent LVH prevalence by Sokolow-Lyon criteria in African-American men is in part owing to smaller lateral chest diameter. In women, reasons for racial differences in ECG LVH prevalence remain largely unexplained although a small part of the excess LVH in African-American women by the Sokolow-Lyon criteria appears to be owing to a larger lateral chest semidiameter in white women. ECG variables alone were too inaccurate for LVM prediction, and it was necessary to incorporate in all ECG models body weight that was properly adjusted for race and sex. This resulted in modest LVM prediction accuracy, with R-square values ranging from .22 to .36. Race- and sex-specific ECG models introduced for LVM estimation with an appropriate adjustment for body size differences are expected to facilitate evaluation of LVH status in contrasting racial population groups.

}, keywords = {African Continental Ancestry Group, Age Factors, Aged, Anthropometry, Electrocardiography, European Continental Ancestry Group, Female, Humans, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Ultrasonography}, issn = {0022-0736}, doi = {10.1054/jelc.2000.7667}, author = {Rautaharju, P M and Park, L P and Gottdiener, J S and Siscovick, D and Boineau, R and Smith, V and Powe, N R} } @article {6063, title = {Common genetic variation near the connexin-43 gene is associated with resting heart rate in African Americans: a genome-wide association study of 13,372 participants.}, journal = {Heart Rhythm}, volume = {10}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Mar}, pages = {401-8}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic loci associated with variation in resting heart rate in European and Asian populations. No study has evaluated genetic variants associated with heart rate in African Americans.

OBJECTIVE: To identify novel genetic variants associated with resting heart rate in African Americans.

METHODS: Ten cohort studies participating in the Candidate-gene Association Resource and Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network consortia performed genome-wide genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and imputed 2,954,965 SNPs using HapMap YRI and CEU panels in 13,372 participants of African ancestry. Each study measured the RR interval (ms) from 10-second resting 12-lead electrocardiograms and estimated RR-SNP associations using covariate-adjusted linear regression. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to combine cohort-specific measures of association and identify genome-wide significant loci (P<=2.5{\texttimes}10(-8)).

RESULTS: Fourteen SNPs on chromosome 6q22 exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold. The most significant association was for rs9320841 (+13 ms per minor allele; P = 4.98{\texttimes}10(-15)). This SNP was approximately 350 kb downstream of GJA1, a locus previously identified as harboring SNPs associated with heart rate in Europeans. Adjustment for rs9320841 also attenuated the association between the remaining 13 SNPs in this region and heart rate. In addition, SNPs in MYH6, which have been identified in European genome-wide association study, were associated with similar changes in the resting heart rate as this population of African Americans.

CONCLUSIONS: An intergenic region downstream of GJA1 (the gene encoding connexin 43, the major protein of the human myocardial gap junction) and an intragenic region within MYH6 are associated with variation in resting heart rate in African Americans as well as in populations of European and Asian origin.

}, keywords = {Adult, African Americans, Aged, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Connexin 43, Electrocardiography, Female, Genetic Variation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genotype, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Rest, United States}, issn = {1556-3871}, doi = {10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.11.014}, author = {Deo, R and Nalls, M A and Avery, C L and Smith, J G and Evans, D S and Keller, M F and Butler, A M and Buxbaum, S G and Li, G and Miguel Quibrera, P and Smith, E N and Tanaka, T and Akylbekova, E L and Alonso, A and Arking, D E and Benjamin, E J and Berenson, G S and Bis, J C and Chen, L Y and Chen, W and Cummings, S R and Ellinor, P T and Evans, M K and Ferrucci, L and Fox, E R and Heckbert, S R and Heiss, G and Hsueh, W C and Kerr, K F and Limacher, M C and Liu, Y and Lubitz, S A and Magnani, J W and Mehra, R and Marcus, G M and Murray, S S and Newman, A B and Njajou, O and North, K E and Paltoo, D N and Psaty, B M and Redline, S S and Reiner, A P and Robinson, J G and Rotter, J I and Samdarshi, T E and Schnabel, R B and Schork, N J and Singleton, A B and Siscovick, D and Soliman, E Z and Sotoodehnia, N and Srinivasan, S R and Taylor, H A and Trevisan, M and Zhang, Z and Zonderman, A B and Newton-Cheh, C and Whitsel, E A} }