@article {841,
	title = {Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group.},
	journal = {Hypertension},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992 Jun},
	pages = {508-19},
	abstract = {<p>The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and its associations with demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and symptomatology, prevalent cardiovascular disease, and selected clinical measurements in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a multicenter, observational, longitudinal study enrolling 5,201 men and women aged 65 years and older at initial examination. Blood pressure measurements were obtained with the subjects in a supine position and after they had been standing for 3 minutes. The prevalence of asymptomatic orthostatic hypotension, defined as 20 mm Hg or greater decrease in systolic or 10 mm Hg or greater decrease in diastolic blood pressure, was 16.2\%. This prevalence increased to 18.2\% when the definition also included those in whom the procedure was aborted due to dizziness upon standing. The prevalence was higher at successive ages. Orthostatic hypotension was associated significantly with difficulty walking (odds ratio, 1.23; 95\% confidence interval, 1.02, 1.46), frequent falls (odds ratio, 1.52; confidence interval, 1.04, 2.22), and histories of myocardial infarction (odds ratio, 1.24; confidence interval, 1.02, 1.50) and transient ischemic attacks (odds ratio, 1.68; confidence interval, 1.12, 2.51). History of stroke, angina pectoris, and diabetes mellitus were not associated significantly with orthostatic hypotension. In addition, orthostatic hypotension was associated with isolated systolic hypertension (odds ratio, 1.35; confidence interval, 1.09, 1.68), major electrocardiographic abnormalities (odds ratio, 1.21; confidence interval, 1.03, 1.42), and the presence of carotid artery stenosis based on ultrasonography (odds ratio, 1.67; confidence interval, 1.23, 2.26). Orthostatic hypotension was negatively associated with weight. We conclude that orthostatic hypotension is common in the elderly and increases with advancing age. It is associated with cardiovascular disease, particularly those manifestations measured objectively, such as carotid stenosis. It is associated also with general neurological symptoms, but this link may not be causal. Differences in prevalence of and associations with orthostatic hypotension in the present study compared with others are largely attributed to differences in population characteristics and methodology.</p>},
	keywords = {Aged, Aging, Dementia, Demography, Female, Health Status, Humans, Hypotension, Orthostatic, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Nervous System Diseases, Prevalence, Risk Factors},
	issn = {0194-911X},
	doi = {10.1161/01.hyp.19.6.508},
	author = {Rutan, G H and Hermanson, B and Bild, D E and Kittner, S J and LaBaw, F and Tell, G S}
}
@article {1487,
	title = {Carrying the burden of cardiovascular risk in old age: associations of weight and weight change with prevalent cardiovascular disease, risk factors, and health status in the Cardiovascular Health Study.},
	journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
	volume = {66},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997 Oct},
	pages = {837-44},
	abstract = {<p>Measured weight in old age, reported weight at age 50 y, and weight change from age 50 y to old age were studied in association with prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD), CVD risk factors, and health status in a population of 4954 men and women aged > or = 65 y in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Heavier weight (i.e., generally weight in the fourth quartile for the cohort) at age 50 y was more closely associated with prevalent CVD than was current weight, with these associations stronger in women than in men. Heavier current weight and heavier weight at age 50 y were associated with cardiovascular risk factors, including higher blood pressure, lower high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, and higher fasting insulin. Heavier weight at both time points was related to mobility problems in both men and women and to lower current physical activity levels; among women, strong associations were also seen with lower education and current income. Remaining within 10\% of reported weight at age 50 y was associated with better health status as measured by reported health, mobility difficulty, number of medications, and prevalent CVD in men. Paradoxically, most cardiovascular risk factors were lowest for weight losers despite an association of weight loss with poorer health. In this cohort of persons aged > or = 65 y, heavier weight was associated with CVD and CVD risk factors, suggesting that prevention of overweight may prove beneficial in improving cardiovascular risk in older persons. Weight stability from age 50 y to old age was associated with better health status than was weight gain or loss.</p>},
	keywords = {Aged, Blood Pressure, Body Constitution, Body Weight, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, LDL, Female, Health Status, Humans, Insulin, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics},
	issn = {0002-9165},
	doi = {10.1093/ajcn/66.4.837},
	author = {Harris, T B and Savage, P J and Tell, G S and Haan, M and Kumanyika, S and Lynch, J C}
}
