@article {638,
	title = {The role of comorbidity in the assessment of intermittent claudication in older adults.},
	journal = {J Clin Epidemiol},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001 Mar},
	pages = {294-300},
	abstract = {<p>The prevalence of intermittent claudication (IC) in older adults by questionnaire is less than 5\% while the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) by non-invasive testing is 2-4-fold higher. Comorbid conditions may result in under-reporting intermittent claudication (IC) as assessed by the Rose Questionnaire. We examined characteristics of those who report leg pain in relationship to other comorbid conditions and disability in 5888 participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Older adults with exertional leg pain, not meeting criteria for IC, had a higher prevalence of PAD on non-invasive testing with the ankle-arm index than those without pain, as well as a higher prevalence of arthritis. The pattern of responses suggested that pain for both conditions was reported together. The Rose Questionnaire for IC is specific for PAD, but a negative questionnaire does not indicate a lack of symptoms, rather the presence of PAD along with other conditions that can cause pain.</p>},
	keywords = {Aged, Angina Pectoris, Arterial Occlusive Diseases, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Intermittent Claudication, Leg, Male, Prevalence, Sensitivity and Specificity, Surveys and Questionnaires},
	issn = {0895-4356},
	doi = {10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00308-5},
	author = {Newman, A B and Naydeck, B L and Sutton-Tyrrell, K and Polak, J F and Kuller, L H}
}
@article {1295,
	title = {Longer legs are associated with greater risk of incident venous thromboembolism independent of total body height. The Longitudinal Study of Thromboembolism Etiology (LITE).},
	journal = {Thromb Haemost},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Jul},
	pages = {113-20},
	abstract = {<p>Several studies have reported that taller individuals are at greater risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We hypothesised that longer leg length would be positively associated with incident VTE, and would explain the height association. LITE ascertained VTE in a prospective population-based sample of 21,860 individuals aged 45 and older. Leg length was measured as standing height minus torso length. Cox regression models were adjusted for age, race, sex, waist circumference, diabetes, and factor VIII. To evaluate whether leg length was associated with VTE risk independent of height, we standardised leg length and height per 1 standard deviation (SD), and then included them simultaneously in Cox regression models. A total of 641 incident VTE cases accrued over a median follow-up of 16 years. Participants in the highest quintile of leg length were at 59\% (95\% CI: 22\%-108\%) greater risk of VTE, relative to the lowest quintile. For height, risk was 45\% (12\%-88\%) greater for those in the highest quintile, compared to the lowest. When leg length and height were modelled simultaneously leg length remained associated with VTE risk (HR per 1 SD: 1.21 (1.04-1.40) while height was unrelated (HR per 1 SD: 1.00 (0.86-1.16). To conclude, participants with longer legs were at greater risk of incident VTE, and leg length explained the relation of height to VTE. It remains to be established whether this finding is due to greater venous surface area, a larger number of venous valves, or greater hydrostatic pressure among individuals with longer legs.</p>},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Anthropometry, Body Height, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Leg, Male, Middle Aged, Population Groups, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, United States, Venous Thromboembolism},
	issn = {2567-689X},
	doi = {10.1160/TH11-02-0100},
	author = {Lutsey, Pamela L and Cushman, Mary and Heckbert, Susan R and Tang, Weihong and Folsom, Aaron R}
}
