@article {1452, title = {Picture-sort method for administering a food frequency questionnaire to older adults.}, journal = {J Am Diet Assoc}, volume = {96}, year = {1996}, month = {1996 Feb}, pages = {137-44}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of a picture-sort approach to administering the National Cancer Institute food frequency questionnaire to older adults.

DESIGN: A picture-sort interview was conducted in each respondent{\textquoteright}s home. After the picture sort, a 24-hour recall interview was administered on the same occasion. Five additional in-home recall interviews were subsequently conducted at approximately 1-month intervals.

SUBJECTS/SETTING: Forty-seven female and 49 male volunteers aged 66 to 100 years were recruited from among Cardiovascular Health Study participants from Maryland and North Carolina.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimates from the picture sort and the recall for intakes of macronutrients, cholesterol, fiber, and selected vitamins and minerals exclusive of supplements.

STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Comparison of means estimated by the two methods and correlation analyses were used. Correlations were adjusted under varied assumptions about the nature of the information contained in the six 24-hour recalls relative to respondents{\textquoteright} usual intakes.

RESULTS: After correction for attenuation, Pearson correlation coefficients for macronutrients ranged from .41 for protein to .74 for saturated fat and cholesterol. For vitamins and minerals, correlations ranged from .26 for beta carotene to .62 for calcium.

APPLICATIONS: Picture-sort estimates of mean nutrient intakes were comparable with estimates based on 24-hour recalls, and correlations with reference data were similar to those reported in the literature for conventionally administered food frequency questionnaires. This dietary assessment method may, therefore, offer a way to simplify or structure responses to improve ease of administration and increase respondents{\textquoteright} liking for the interview without loss of data quality.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Audiovisual Aids, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Diet Records, Eating, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Mental Recall, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {0002-8223}, doi = {10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00042-9}, author = {Kumanyika, S and Tell, G S and Fried, L and Martel, J K and Chinchilli, V M} } @article {969, title = {Costs of the metabolic syndrome in elderly individuals: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study.}, journal = {Diabetes Care}, volume = {30}, year = {2007}, month = {2007 Oct}, pages = {2553-8}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: The cardiovascular consequences of the metabolic syndrome and its component risk factors have been documented in elderly individuals. Little is known about how the metabolic syndrome and its individual components translate into long-term medical costs.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used log-linear regression models to assess the independent contributions of the metabolic syndrome and its individual components to 10-year medical costs among 3,789 individuals aged > or = 65 years in the Cardiovascular Health Study.

RESULTS: As defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel report, the metabolic syndrome was present in 47\% of the sample. Total costs to Medicare were 20\% higher among participants with the metabolic syndrome ($40,873 vs. $33,010; P < 0.001). Controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and other covariates, we found that abdominal obesity, low HDL cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure were associated with 15\% (95\% CI 4.3-26.7), 16\% (1.7-31.8), and 20\% (10.1-31.7) higher costs, respectively. When added to the model, the metabolic syndrome composite variable did not contribute significantly (P = 0.32).

CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal obesity, low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension but not the metabolic syndrome per se are important predictors of long-term costs in the Medicare population.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cholesterol, HDL, Continental Population Groups, Cost of Illness, Diabetic Angiopathies, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Interviews as Topic, Male, Medicare, Metabolic Syndrome, Multivariate Analysis, Obesity, Patient Education as Topic, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, United States}, issn = {1935-5548}, doi = {10.2337/dc07-0460}, author = {Curtis, Lesley H and Hammill, Bradley G and Bethel, M Angelyn and Anstrom, Kevin J and Gottdiener, John S and Schulman, Kevin A} } @article {1097, title = {Using telephone and informant assessments to estimate missing Modified Mini-Mental State Exam scores and rates of cognitive decline. The cardiovascular health study.}, journal = {Neuroepidemiology}, volume = {33}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {55-65}, abstract = {

AIM: To estimate an equivalent to the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MSE), and to compare changes in the 3MSE with and without the estimated scores.

METHODS: Comparability study on a subset of 405 participants, aged >or=70 years, from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a longitudinal study in 4 United States communities. The 3MSE, the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) and the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) were administered within 30 days of one another. Regression models were developed to predict the 3MSE score from the TICS and/or IQCODE, and the predicted values were used to estimate missing 3MSE scores in longitudinal follow-up of 4,274 CHS participants.

RESULTS: The TICS explained 67\% of the variability in 3MSE scores, with a correlation of 0.82 between predicted and observed scores. The IQCODE alone was not a good estimate of 3MSE score, but improved the model fit when added to the TICS model. Using estimated 3MSE scores classified more participants with low cognition, and rates of decline were greater than when only the observed 3MSE scores were considered.

CONCLUSIONS: 3MSE scores can be reliably estimated from the TICS, with or without the IQCODE. Incorporating these estimates captured more cognitive decline in older adults.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, ROC Curve, United States}, issn = {1423-0208}, doi = {10.1159/000215830}, author = {Arnold, Alice M and Newman, Anne B and Dermond, Norma and Haan, Mary and Fitzpatrick, Annette} }