@article {1512,
	title = {High body fatness, but not low fat-free mass, predicts disability in older men and women: the Cardiovascular Health Study.},
	journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
	volume = {68},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998 Sep},
	pages = {584-90},
	abstract = {<p>Using data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, we studied the relation between body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass, assessed by bioelectrical impedance) and self-reported, mobility-related disability (difficulty walking or stair climbing) in 2714 women and 2095 men aged 65-100 y. In a cross-sectional analysis at baseline (1989-1990), disability was reported by 26.5\% of the women and 16.9\% of the men. A positive association was observed between fat mass and disability. The odds ratio for disability in the highest quintile of fat mass was 3.04 (95\% CI: 2.18, 4.25) for women and 2.77 (95\% CI: 1.82, 4.23) for men compared with those in the lowest quintile. Low fat-free mass was not associated with a higher prevalence of disability. In a longitudinal analysis among persons not reporting disability at baseline, 20.3\% of the women and 14.8\% of the men reported disability 3 y later. Fat mass at baseline was predictive of disability 3 y later, with odds ratios of 2.83 (95\% CI: 1.80, 4.46) for women and 1.72 (95\% CI: 1.03, 2.85) for men in the highest quintile of fat. The increased risk was not explained by age, physical activity, chronic disease, or other potential confounders. Low fat-free mass was not predictive of disability. The results showed that high body fatness is an independent predictor of mobility-related disability in older men and women. These findings suggest that high body fatness in old age should be avoided to decrease the risk of disability.</p>},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Composition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disability Evaluation, Female, Geriatric Assessment, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Obesity, Predictive Value of Tests, Walking},
	issn = {0002-9165},
	doi = {10.1093/ajcn/68.3.584},
	author = {Visser, M and Langlois, J and Guralnik, J M and Cauley, J A and Kronmal, R A and Robbins, J and Williamson, J D and Harris, T B}
}
@article {631,
	title = {Hormone replacement therapy is associated with higher FEV1 in elderly women.},
	journal = {Am J Respir Crit Care Med},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001 Feb},
	pages = {423-8},
	abstract = {<p>Estrogen and progesterone use have been associated with improved pulmonary function in premenopausal women. However, little research has examined the relationship between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and pulmonary function in postmenopausal women. We examined the relationship of HRT with spirometry in 2,353 women aged 65 yr and older participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study in 1993/1994. Current use of HRT was hypothesized to be associated with higher FEV1, higher FVC, and less pulmonary obstruction (FEV1/FVC < 65\%). FEV1 was higher among current HRT users compared to noncurrent users in the following groups: overall (1.82 L versus 1.66 L, p < 0.0001), among women without asthma (1.85 L versus 1.69 L, p < 0.0001), among former smokers (1.76 L versus 1.60 L, p = 0.013), and among never smokers (1.90 L versus 1.72 L, p < 0.0001). Overall, HRT use was associated with a lower prevalence of pulmonary obstruction (OR 0.75 [95\% CI 0.55, 0.99]). After controlling for potential confounders, HRT use was significantly associated with higher FEV(1) (p = 0.031) and with a lower prevalence of obstruction (OR 0.67 [95\% CI 0.48, 0.95]). We conclude that postmenopausal women who use HRT have higher levels of FEV1 and less obstruction, which could not be explained by their lower rates of smoking and other health factors associated with HRT use.</p>},
	keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Female, Forced Expiratory Volume, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Spirometry, Vital Capacity},
	issn = {1073-449X},
	doi = {10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.2003040},
	author = {Carlson, C L and Cushman, M and Enright, P L and Cauley, J A and Newman, A B}
}
