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Elevated resting heart rate is associated with greater risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. In a 2-stage meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in up to 181,171 individuals, we identified 14 new loci associated with heart rate and confirmed associations with all 7 previously established loci. Experimental downregulation of gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio identified 20 genes at 11 loci that are relevant for heart rate regulation and highlight a role for genes involved in signal transmission, embryonic cardiac development and the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy, congenital heart failure and/or sudden cardiac death. In addition, genetic susceptibility to increased heart rate is associated with altered cardiac conduction and reduced risk of sick sinus syndrome, and both heart rate-increasing and heart rate-decreasing variants associate with risk of atrial fibrillation. Our findings provide fresh insights into the mechanisms regulating heart rate and identify new therapeutic targets.
10aAnimals10aArrhythmias, Cardiac10aGene Frequency10aGenetic Loci10aGenome-Wide Association Study10aHeart Conduction System10aHeart Rate10aHumans10aMetabolic Networks and Pathways10aPolymorphism, Single Nucleotide10aQuantitative Trait Loci1 aHoed, Marcel, den1 aEijgelsheim, Mark1 aEsko, Tõnu1 aBrundel, Bianca, J J M1 aPeal, David, S1 aEvans, David, M1 aNolte, Ilja, M1 aSegrè, Ayellet, V1 aHolm, Hilma1 aHandsaker, Robert, E1 aWestra, Harm-Jan1 aJohnson, Toby1 aIsaacs, Aaron1 aYang, Jian1 aLundby, Alicia1 aZhao, Jing Hua1 aKim, Young, Jin1 aGo, Min Jin1 aAlmgren, Peter1 aBochud, Murielle1 aBoucher, Gabrielle1 aCornelis, Marilyn, C1 aGudbjartsson, Daniel1 aHadley, David1 aHarst, Pim1 aHayward, Caroline1 aHeijer, Martin, den1 aIgl, Wilmar1 aJackson, Anne, U1 aKutalik, Zoltán1 aLuan, Jian'an1 aKemp, John, P1 aKristiansson, Kati1 aLadenvall, Claes1 aLorentzon, Mattias1 aMontasser, May, E1 aNjajou, Omer, T1 aO'Reilly, Paul, F1 aPadmanabhan, Sandosh1 aSt Pourcain, Beate1 aRankinen, Tuomo1 aSalo, Perttu1 aTanaka, Toshiko1 aTimpson, Nicholas, J1 aVitart, Veronique1 aWaite, Lindsay1 aWheeler, William1 aZhang, Weihua1 aDraisma, Harmen, H M1 aFeitosa, Mary, F1 aKerr, Kathleen, F1 aLind, Penelope, A1 aMihailov, Evelin1 aOnland-Moret, Charlotte, N1 aSong, Ci1 aWeedon, Michael, N1 aXie, Weijia1 aYengo, Loic1 aAbsher, Devin1 aAlbert, Christine, M1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aArking, Dan, E1 ade Bakker, Paul, I W1 aBalkau, Beverley1 aBarlassina, Cristina1 aBenaglio, Paola1 aBis, Joshua, C1 aBouatia-Naji, Nabila1 aBrage, Søren1 aChanock, Stephen, J1 aChines, Peter, S1 aChung, Mina1 aDarbar, Dawood1 aDina, Christian1 aDörr, Marcus1 aElliott, Paul1 aFelix, Stephan, B1 aFischer, Krista1 aFuchsberger, Christian1 aGeus, Eco, J C1 aGoyette, Philippe1 aGudnason, Vilmundur1 aHarris, Tamara, B1 aHartikainen, Anna-Liisa1 aHavulinna, Aki, S1 aHeckbert, Susan, R1 aHicks, Andrew, A1 aHofman, Albert1 aHolewijn, Suzanne1 aHoogstra-Berends, Femke1 aHottenga, Jouke-Jan1 aJensen, Majken, K1 aJohansson, Asa1 aJunttila, Juhani1 aKääb, Stefan1 aKanon, Bart1 aKetkar, Shamika1 aKhaw, Kay-Tee1 aKnowles, Joshua, W1 aKooner, Angrad, S1 aKors, Jan, A1 aKumari, Meena1 aMilani, Lili1 aLaiho, Päivi1 aLakatta, Edward, G1 aLangenberg, Claudia1 aLeusink, Maarten1 aLiu, Yongmei1 aLuben, Robert, N1 aLunetta, Kathryn, L1 aLynch, Stacey, N1 aMarkus, Marcello, R P1 aMarques-Vidal, Pedro1 aLeach, Irene, Mateo1 aMcArdle, Wendy, L1 aMcCarroll, Steven, A1 aMedland, Sarah, E1 aMiller, Kathryn, A1 aMontgomery, Grant, W1 aMorrison, Alanna, C1 aMüller-Nurasyid, Martina1 aNavarro, Pau1 aNelis, Mari1 aO'Connell, Jeffrey, R1 aO'Donnell, Christopher, J1 aOng, Ken, K1 aNewman, Anne, B1 aPeters, Annette1 aPolasek, Ozren1 aPouta, Anneli1 aPramstaller, Peter, P1 aPsaty, Bruce, M1 aRao, Dabeeru, C1 aRing, Susan, M1 aRossin, Elizabeth, J1 aRudan, Diana1 aSanna, Serena1 aScott, Robert, A1 aSehmi, Jaban, S1 aSharp, Stephen1 aShin, Jordan, T1 aSingleton, Andrew, B1 aSmith, Albert, V1 aSoranzo, Nicole1 aSpector, Tim, D1 aStewart, Chip1 aStringham, Heather, M1 aTarasov, Kirill, V1 aUitterlinden, André, G1 aVandenput, Liesbeth1 aHwang, Shih-Jen1 aWhitfield, John, B1 aWijmenga, Cisca1 aWild, Sarah, H1 aWillemsen, Gonneke1 aWilson, James, F1 aWitteman, Jacqueline, C M1 aWong, Andrew1 aWong, Quenna1 aJamshidi, Yalda1 aZitting, Paavo1 aBoer, Jolanda, M A1 aBoomsma, Dorret, I1 aBorecki, Ingrid, B1 aDuijn, Cornelia, M1 aEkelund, Ulf1 aForouhi, Nita, G1 aFroguel, Philippe1 aHingorani, Aroon1 aIngelsson, Erik1 aKivimaki, Mika1 aKronmal, Richard, A1 aKuh, Diana1 aLind, Lars1 aMartin, Nicholas, G1 aOostra, Ben, A1 aPedersen, Nancy, L1 aQuertermous, Thomas1 aRotter, Jerome, I1 aSchouw, Yvonne, T1 aVerschuren, W, M Monique1 aWalker, Mark1 aAlbanes, Demetrius1 aArnar, David, O1 aAssimes, Themistocles, L1 aBandinelli, Stefania1 aBoehnke, Michael1 ade Boer, Rudolf, A1 aBouchard, Claude1 aCaulfield, W, L Mark1 aChambers, John, C1 aCurhan, Gary1 aCusi, Daniele1 aEriksson, Johan1 aFerrucci, Luigi1 aGilst, Wiek, H1 aGlorioso, Nicola1 ade Graaf, Jacqueline1 aGroop, Leif1 aGyllensten, Ulf1 aHsueh, Wen-Chi1 aHu, Frank, B1 aHuikuri, Heikki, V1 aHunter, David, J1 aIribarren, Carlos1 aIsomaa, Bo1 aJarvelin, Marjo-Riitta1 aJula, Antti1 aKähönen, Mika1 aKiemeney, Lambertus, A1 avan der Klauw, Melanie, M1 aKooner, Jaspal, S1 aKraft, Peter1 aIacoviello, Licia1 aLehtimäki, Terho1 aLokki, Marja-Liisa, L1 aMitchell, Braxton, D1 aNavis, Gerjan1 aNieminen, Markku, S1 aOhlsson, Claes1 aPoulter, Neil, R1 aQi, Lu1 aRaitakari, Olli, T1 aRimm, Eric, B1 aRioux, John, D1 aRizzi, Federica1 aRudan, Igor1 aSalomaa, Veikko1 aSever, Peter, S1 aShields, Denis, C1 aShuldiner, Alan, R1 aSinisalo, Juha1 aStanton, Alice, V1 aStolk, Ronald, P1 aStrachan, David, P1 aTardif, Jean-Claude1 aThorsteinsdottir, Unnur1 aTuomilehto, Jaako1 avan Veldhuisen, Dirk, J1 aVirtamo, Jarmo1 aViikari, Jorma1 aVollenweider, Peter1 aWaeber, Gérard1 aWiden, Elisabeth1 aCho, Yoon Shin1 aOlsen, Jesper, V1 aVisscher, Peter, M1 aWiller, Cristen1 aFranke, Lude1 aErdmann, Jeanette1 aThompson, John, R1 aPfeufer, Arne1 aSotoodehnia, Nona1 aNewton-Cheh, Christopher1 aEllinor, Patrick, T1 aStricker, Bruno, H Ch1 aMetspalu, Andres1 aPerola, Markus1 aBeckmann, Jacques, S1 aSmith, George Davey1 aStefansson, Kari1 aWareham, Nicholas, J1 aMunroe, Patricia, B1 aSibon, Ody, C M1 aMilan, David, J1 aSnieder, Harold1 aSamani, Nilesh, J1 aLoos, Ruth, J F1 aGlobal BPgen Consortium1 aCARDIoGRAM consortium1 aPR GWAS Consortium1 aQRS GWAS Consortium1 aQT-IGC consortium1 aCHARGE-AF Consortium uhttps://chs-nhlbi.org/node/801511080nas a2202833 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2017 eng d a1549-167600aImpact of common genetic determinants of Hemoglobin A1c on type 2 diabetes risk and diagnosis in ancestrally diverse populations: A transethnic genome-wide meta-analysis.0 aImpact of common genetic determinants of Hemoglobin A1c on type c2017 Sep ae10023830 v143 aBACKGROUND: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to diagnose type 2 diabetes (T2D) and assess glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 18 HbA1c-associated genetic variants. These variants proved to be classifiable by their likely biological action as erythrocytic (also associated with erythrocyte traits) or glycemic (associated with other glucose-related traits). In this study, we tested the hypotheses that, in a very large scale GWAS, we would identify more genetic variants associated with HbA1c and that HbA1c variants implicated in erythrocytic biology would affect the diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c. We therefore expanded the number of HbA1c-associated loci and tested the effect of genetic risk-scores comprised of erythrocytic or glycemic variants on incident diabetes prediction and on prevalent diabetes screening performance. Throughout this multiancestry study, we kept a focus on interancestry differences in HbA1c genetics performance that might influence race-ancestry differences in health outcomes.
METHODS & FINDINGS: Using genome-wide association meta-analyses in up to 159,940 individuals from 82 cohorts of European, African, East Asian, and South Asian ancestry, we identified 60 common genetic variants associated with HbA1c. We classified variants as implicated in glycemic, erythrocytic, or unclassified biology and tested whether additive genetic scores of erythrocytic variants (GS-E) or glycemic variants (GS-G) were associated with higher T2D incidence in multiethnic longitudinal cohorts (N = 33,241). Nineteen glycemic and 22 erythrocytic variants were associated with HbA1c at genome-wide significance. GS-G was associated with higher T2D risk (incidence OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04-1.06, per HbA1c-raising allele, p = 3 × 10-29); whereas GS-E was not (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.99-1.01, p = 0.60). In Europeans and Asians, erythrocytic variants in aggregate had only modest effects on the diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c. Yet, in African Americans, the X-linked G6PD G202A variant (T-allele frequency 11%) was associated with an absolute decrease in HbA1c of 0.81%-units (95% CI 0.66-0.96) per allele in hemizygous men, and 0.68%-units (95% CI 0.38-0.97) in homozygous women. The G6PD variant may cause approximately 2% (N = 0.65 million, 95% CI 0.55-0.74) of African American adults with T2D to remain undiagnosed when screened with HbA1c. Limitations include the smaller sample sizes for non-European ancestries and the inability to classify approximately one-third of the variants. Further studies in large multiethnic cohorts with HbA1c, glycemic, and erythrocytic traits are required to better determine the biological action of the unclassified variants.
CONCLUSIONS: As G6PD deficiency can be clinically silent until illness strikes, we recommend investigation of the possible benefits of screening for the G6PD genotype along with using HbA1c to diagnose T2D in populations of African ancestry or groups where G6PD deficiency is common. Screening with direct glucose measurements, or genetically-informed HbA1c diagnostic thresholds in people with G6PD deficiency, may be required to avoid missed or delayed diagnoses.
10aDiabetes Mellitus, Type 210aGenetic Variation10aGenome-Wide Association Study10aGlycated Hemoglobin A10aHumans10aPhenotype10aRisk1 aWheeler, Eleanor1 aLeong, Aaron1 aLiu, Ching-Ti1 aHivert, Marie-France1 aStrawbridge, Rona, J1 aPodmore, Clara1 aLi, Man1 aYao, Jie1 aSim, Xueling1 aHong, Jaeyoung1 aChu, Audrey, Y1 aZhang, Weihua1 aWang, Xu1 aChen, Peng1 aMaruthur, Nisa, M1 aPorneala, Bianca, C1 aSharp, Stephen, J1 aJia, Yucheng1 aKabagambe, Edmond, K1 aChang, Li-Ching1 aChen, Wei-Min1 aElks, Cathy, E1 aEvans, Daniel, S1 aFan, Qiao1 aGiulianini, Franco1 aGo, Min Jin1 aHottenga, Jouke-Jan1 aHu, Yao1 aJackson, Anne, U1 aKanoni, Stavroula1 aKim, Young, Jin1 aKleber, Marcus, E1 aLadenvall, Claes1 aLecoeur, Cécile1 aLim, Sing-Hui1 aLu, Yingchang1 aMahajan, Anubha1 aMarzi, Carola1 aNalls, Mike, A1 aNavarro, Pau1 aNolte, Ilja, M1 aRose, Lynda, M1 aRybin, Denis, V1 aSanna, Serena1 aShi, Yuan1 aStram, Daniel, O1 aTakeuchi, Fumihiko1 aTan, Shu, Pei1 avan der Most, Peter, J1 avan Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana, V1 aWong, Andrew1 aYengo, Loic1 aZhao, Wanting1 aGoel, Anuj1 aLarrad, Maria, Teresa Mar1 aRadke, Dörte1 aSalo, Perttu1 aTanaka, Toshiko1 avan Iperen, Erik, P A1 aAbecasis, Goncalo1 aAfaq, Saima1 aAlizadeh, Behrooz, Z1 aBertoni, Alain, G1 aBonnefond, Amélie1 aBöttcher, Yvonne1 aBottinger, Erwin, P1 aCampbell, Harry1 aCarlson, Olga, D1 aChen, Chien-Hsiun1 aCho, Yoon Shin1 aGarvey, Timothy1 aGieger, Christian1 aGoodarzi, Mark, O1 aGrallert, Harald1 aHamsten, Anders1 aHartman, Catharina, A1 aHerder, Christian1 aHsiung, Chao, Agnes1 aHuang, Jie1 aIgase, Michiya1 aIsono, Masato1 aKatsuya, Tomohiro1 aKhor, Chiea-Chuen1 aKiess, Wieland1 aKohara, Katsuhiko1 aKovacs, Peter1 aLee, Juyoung1 aLee, Wen-Jane1 aLehne, Benjamin1 aLi, Huaixing1 aLiu, Jianjun1 aLobbens, Stephane1 aLuan, Jian'an1 aLyssenko, Valeriya1 aMeitinger, Thomas1 aMiki, Tetsuro1 aMiljkovic, Iva1 aMoon, Sanghoon1 aMulas, Antonella1 aMüller, Gabriele1 aMüller-Nurasyid, Martina1 aNagaraja, Ramaiah1 aNauck, Matthias1 aPankow, James, S1 aPolasek, Ozren1 aProkopenko, Inga1 aRamos, Paula, S1 aRasmussen-Torvik, Laura1 aRathmann, Wolfgang1 aRich, Stephen, S1 aRobertson, Neil, R1 aRoden, Michael1 aRoussel, Ronan1 aRudan, Igor1 aScott, Robert, A1 aScott, William, R1 aSennblad, Bengt1 aSiscovick, David, S1 aStrauch, Konstantin1 aSun, Liang1 aSwertz, Morris1 aTajuddin, Salman, M1 aTaylor, Kent, D1 aTeo, Yik-Ying1 aTham, Yih, Chung1 aTönjes, Anke1 aWareham, Nicholas, J1 aWillemsen, Gonneke1 aWilsgaard, Tom1 aHingorani, Aroon, D1 aEgan, Josephine1 aFerrucci, Luigi1 aHovingh, Kees1 aJula, Antti1 aKivimaki, Mika1 aKumari, Meena1 aNjølstad, Inger1 aPalmer, Colin, N A1 aRíos, Manuel, Serrano1 aStumvoll, Michael1 aWatkins, Hugh1 aAung, Tin1 aBlüher, Matthias1 aBoehnke, Michael1 aBoomsma, Dorret, I1 aBornstein, Stefan, R1 aChambers, John, C1 aChasman, Daniel, I1 aChen, Yii-Der Ida1 aChen, Yduan-Tsong1 aCheng, Ching-Yu1 aCucca, Francesco1 aGeus, Eco, J C1 aDeloukas, Panos1 aEvans, Michele, K1 aFornage, Myriam1 aFriedlander, Yechiel1 aFroguel, Philippe1 aGroop, Leif1 aGross, Myron, D1 aHarris, Tamara, B1 aHayward, Caroline1 aHeng, Chew-Kiat1 aIngelsson, Erik1 aKato, Norihiro1 aKim, Bong-Jo1 aKoh, Woon-Puay1 aKooner, Jaspal, S1 aKörner, Antje1 aKuh, Diana1 aKuusisto, Johanna1 aLaakso, Markku1 aLin, Xu1 aLiu, Yongmei1 aLoos, Ruth, J F1 aMagnusson, Patrik, K E1 aMärz, Winfried1 aMcCarthy, Mark, I1 aOldehinkel, Albertine, J1 aOng, Ken, K1 aPedersen, Nancy, L1 aPereira, Mark, A1 aPeters, Annette1 aRidker, Paul, M1 aSabanayagam, Charumathi1 aSale, Michele1 aSaleheen, Danish1 aSaltevo, Juha1 aSchwarz, Peter, Eh1 aSheu, Wayne, H H1 aSnieder, Harold1 aSpector, Timothy, D1 aTabara, Yasuharu1 aTuomilehto, Jaakko1 avan Dam, Rob, M1 aWilson, James, G1 aWilson, James, F1 aWolffenbuttel, Bruce, H R1 aWong, Tien, Yin1 aWu, Jer-Yuarn1 aYuan, Jian-Min1 aZonderman, Alan, B1 aSoranzo, Nicole1 aGuo, Xiuqing1 aRoberts, David, J1 aFlorez, Jose, C1 aSladek, Robert1 aDupuis, Josée1 aMorris, Andrew, P1 aTai, E-Shyong1 aSelvin, Elizabeth1 aRotter, Jerome, I1 aLangenberg, Claudia1 aBarroso, Inês1 aMeigs, James, B1 aEPIC-CVD Consortium1 aEPIC-InterAct Consortium1 aLifeLines Cohort Study uhttps://chs-nhlbi.org/node/7596