%0 Journal Article %J Nat Genet %D 2012 %T Large-scale association analyses identify new loci influencing glycemic traits and provide insight into the underlying biological pathways. %A Scott, Robert A %A Lagou, Vasiliki %A Welch, Ryan P %A Wheeler, Eleanor %A Montasser, May E %A Luan, Jian'an %A Mägi, Reedik %A Strawbridge, Rona J %A Rehnberg, Emil %A Gustafsson, Stefan %A Kanoni, Stavroula %A Rasmussen-Torvik, Laura J %A Yengo, Loic %A Lecoeur, Cécile %A Shungin, Dmitry %A Sanna, Serena %A Sidore, Carlo %A Johnson, Paul C D %A Jukema, J Wouter %A Johnson, Toby %A Mahajan, Anubha %A Verweij, Niek %A Thorleifsson, Gudmar %A Hottenga, Jouke-Jan %A Shah, Sonia %A Smith, Albert V %A Sennblad, Bengt %A Gieger, Christian %A Salo, Perttu %A Perola, Markus %A Timpson, Nicholas J %A Evans, David M %A Pourcain, Beate St %A Wu, Ying %A Andrews, Jeanette S %A Hui, Jennie %A Bielak, Lawrence F %A Zhao, Wei %A Horikoshi, Momoko %A Navarro, Pau %A Isaacs, Aaron %A O'Connell, Jeffrey R %A Stirrups, Kathleen %A Vitart, Veronique %A Hayward, Caroline %A Esko, Tõnu %A Mihailov, Evelin %A Fraser, Ross M %A Fall, Tove %A Voight, Benjamin F %A Raychaudhuri, Soumya %A Chen, Han %A Lindgren, Cecilia M %A Morris, Andrew P %A Rayner, Nigel W %A Robertson, Neil %A Rybin, Denis %A Liu, Ching-Ti %A Beckmann, Jacques S %A Willems, Sara M %A Chines, Peter S %A Jackson, Anne U %A Kang, Hyun Min %A Stringham, Heather M %A Song, Kijoung %A Tanaka, Toshiko %A Peden, John F %A Goel, Anuj %A Hicks, Andrew A %A An, Ping %A Müller-Nurasyid, Martina %A Franco-Cereceda, Anders %A Folkersen, Lasse %A Marullo, Letizia %A Jansen, Hanneke %A Oldehinkel, Albertine J %A Bruinenberg, Marcel %A Pankow, James S %A North, Kari E %A Forouhi, Nita G %A Loos, Ruth J F %A Edkins, Sarah %A Varga, Tibor V %A Hallmans, Göran %A Oksa, Heikki %A Antonella, Mulas %A Nagaraja, Ramaiah %A Trompet, Stella %A Ford, Ian %A Bakker, Stephan J L %A Kong, Augustine %A Kumari, Meena %A Gigante, Bruna %A Herder, Christian %A Munroe, Patricia B %A Caulfield, Mark %A Antti, Jula %A Mangino, Massimo %A Small, Kerrin %A Miljkovic, Iva %A Liu, Yongmei %A Atalay, Mustafa %A Kiess, Wieland %A James, Alan L %A Rivadeneira, Fernando %A Uitterlinden, André G %A Palmer, Colin N A %A Doney, Alex S F %A Willemsen, Gonneke %A Smit, Johannes H %A Campbell, Susan %A Polasek, Ozren %A Bonnycastle, Lori L %A Hercberg, Serge %A Dimitriou, Maria %A Bolton, Jennifer L %A Fowkes, Gerard R %A Kovacs, Peter %A Lindström, Jaana %A Zemunik, Tatijana %A Bandinelli, Stefania %A Wild, Sarah H %A Basart, Hanneke V %A Rathmann, Wolfgang %A Grallert, Harald %A Maerz, Winfried %A Kleber, Marcus E %A Boehm, Bernhard O %A Peters, Annette %A Pramstaller, Peter P %A Province, Michael A %A Borecki, Ingrid B %A Hastie, Nicholas D %A Rudan, Igor %A Campbell, Harry %A Watkins, Hugh %A Farrall, Martin %A Stumvoll, Michael %A Ferrucci, Luigi %A Waterworth, Dawn M %A Bergman, Richard N %A Collins, Francis S %A Tuomilehto, Jaakko %A Watanabe, Richard M %A de Geus, Eco J C %A Penninx, Brenda W %A Hofman, Albert %A Oostra, Ben A %A Psaty, Bruce M %A Vollenweider, Peter %A Wilson, James F %A Wright, Alan F %A Hovingh, G Kees %A Metspalu, Andres %A Uusitupa, Matti %A Magnusson, Patrik K E %A Kyvik, Kirsten O %A Kaprio, Jaakko %A Price, Jackie F %A Dedoussis, George V %A Deloukas, Panos %A Meneton, Pierre %A Lind, Lars %A Boehnke, Michael %A Shuldiner, Alan R %A van Duijn, Cornelia M %A Morris, Andrew D %A Toenjes, Anke %A Peyser, Patricia A %A Beilby, John P %A Körner, Antje %A Kuusisto, Johanna %A Laakso, Markku %A Bornstein, Stefan R %A Schwarz, Peter E H %A Lakka, Timo A %A Rauramaa, Rainer %A Adair, Linda S %A Smith, George Davey %A Spector, Tim D %A Illig, Thomas %A de Faire, Ulf %A Hamsten, Anders %A Gudnason, Vilmundur %A Kivimaki, Mika %A Hingorani, Aroon %A Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M %A Saaristo, Timo E %A Boomsma, Dorret I %A Stefansson, Kari %A van der Harst, Pim %A Dupuis, Josée %A Pedersen, Nancy L %A Sattar, Naveed %A Harris, Tamara B %A Cucca, Francesco %A Ripatti, Samuli %A Salomaa, Veikko %A Mohlke, Karen L %A Balkau, Beverley %A Froguel, Philippe %A Pouta, Anneli %A Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta %A Wareham, Nicholas J %A Bouatia-Naji, Nabila %A McCarthy, Mark I %A Franks, Paul W %A Meigs, James B %A Teslovich, Tanya M %A Florez, Jose C %A Langenberg, Claudia %A Ingelsson, Erik %A Prokopenko, Inga %A Barroso, Inês %K Adult %K Animals %K Blood Glucose %K Fasting %K Female %K Gene Frequency %K Genome-Wide Association Study %K Humans %K Insulin %K Male %K Metabolic Networks and Pathways %K Mice %K Osmolar Concentration %K Quantitative Trait Loci %X

Through genome-wide association meta-analyses of up to 133,010 individuals of European ancestry without diabetes, including individuals newly genotyped using the Metabochip, we have increased the number of confirmed loci influencing glycemic traits to 53, of which 33 also increase type 2 diabetes risk (q < 0.05). Loci influencing fasting insulin concentration showed association with lipid levels and fat distribution, suggesting impact on insulin resistance. Gene-based analyses identified further biologically plausible loci, suggesting that additional loci beyond those reaching genome-wide significance are likely to represent real associations. This conclusion is supported by an excess of directionally consistent and nominally significant signals between discovery and follow-up studies. Functional analysis of these newly discovered loci will further improve our understanding of glycemic control.

%B Nat Genet %V 44 %P 991-1005 %8 2012 Sep %G eng %N 9 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22885924?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1038/ng.2385 %0 Journal Article %J Lancet %D 2015 %T HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibition, type 2 diabetes, and bodyweight: evidence from genetic analysis and randomised trials. %A Swerdlow, Daniel I %A Preiss, David %A Kuchenbaecker, Karoline B %A Holmes, Michael V %A Engmann, Jorgen E L %A Shah, Tina %A Sofat, Reecha %A Stender, Stefan %A Johnson, Paul C D %A Scott, Robert A %A Leusink, Maarten %A Verweij, Niek %A Sharp, Stephen J %A Guo, Yiran %A Giambartolomei, Claudia %A Chung, Christina %A Peasey, Anne %A Amuzu, Antoinette %A Li, KaWah %A Palmen, Jutta %A Howard, Philip %A Cooper, Jackie A %A Drenos, Fotios %A Li, Yun R %A Lowe, Gordon %A Gallacher, John %A Stewart, Marlene C W %A Tzoulaki, Ioanna %A Buxbaum, Sarah G %A van der A, Daphne L %A Forouhi, Nita G %A Onland-Moret, N Charlotte %A van der Schouw, Yvonne T %A Schnabel, Renate B %A Hubacek, Jaroslav A %A Kubinova, Ruzena %A Baceviciene, Migle %A Tamosiunas, Abdonas %A Pajak, Andrzej %A Topor-Madry, Roman %A Stepaniak, Urszula %A Malyutina, Sofia %A Baldassarre, Damiano %A Sennblad, Bengt %A Tremoli, Elena %A de Faire, Ulf %A Veglia, Fabrizio %A Ford, Ian %A Jukema, J Wouter %A Westendorp, Rudi G J %A de Borst, Gert Jan %A de Jong, Pim A %A Algra, Ale %A Spiering, Wilko %A Maitland-van der Zee, Anke H %A Klungel, Olaf H %A de Boer, Anthonius %A Doevendans, Pieter A %A Eaton, Charles B %A Robinson, Jennifer G %A Duggan, David %A Kjekshus, John %A Downs, John R %A Gotto, Antonio M %A Keech, Anthony C %A Marchioli, Roberto %A Tognoni, Gianni %A Sever, Peter S %A Poulter, Neil R %A Waters, David D %A Pedersen, Terje R %A Amarenco, Pierre %A Nakamura, Haruo %A McMurray, John J V %A Lewsey, James D %A Chasman, Daniel I %A Ridker, Paul M %A Maggioni, Aldo P %A Tavazzi, Luigi %A Ray, Kausik K %A Seshasai, Sreenivasa Rao Kondapally %A Manson, JoAnn E %A Price, Jackie F %A Whincup, Peter H %A Morris, Richard W %A Lawlor, Debbie A %A Smith, George Davey %A Ben-Shlomo, Yoav %A Schreiner, Pamela J %A Fornage, Myriam %A Siscovick, David S %A Cushman, Mary %A Kumari, Meena %A Wareham, Nick J %A Verschuren, W M Monique %A Redline, Susan %A Patel, Sanjay R %A Whittaker, John C %A Hamsten, Anders %A Delaney, Joseph A %A Dale, Caroline %A Gaunt, Tom R %A Wong, Andrew %A Kuh, Diana %A Hardy, Rebecca %A Kathiresan, Sekar %A Castillo, Berta A %A van der Harst, Pim %A Brunner, Eric J %A Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne %A Marmot, Michael G %A Krauss, Ronald M %A Tsai, Michael %A Coresh, Josef %A Hoogeveen, Ronald C %A Psaty, Bruce M %A Lange, Leslie A %A Hakonarson, Hakon %A Dudbridge, Frank %A Humphries, Steve E %A Talmud, Philippa J %A Kivimaki, Mika %A Timpson, Nicholas J %A Langenberg, Claudia %A Asselbergs, Folkert W %A Voevoda, Mikhail %A Bobak, Martin %A Pikhart, Hynek %A Wilson, James G %A Reiner, Alex P %A Keating, Brendan J %A Hingorani, Aroon D %A Sattar, Naveed %K Aged %K Body Mass Index %K Body Weight %K Cholesterol, HDL %K Cholesterol, LDL %K Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 %K Female %K Genetic Testing %K Humans %K Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases %K Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %K Risk Factors %X

BACKGROUND: Statins increase the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to assess whether this increase in risk is a consequence of inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the intended drug target.

METHODS: We used single nucleotide polymorphisms in the HMGCR gene, rs17238484 (for the main analysis) and rs12916 (for a subsidiary analysis) as proxies for HMGCR inhibition by statins. We examined associations of these variants with plasma lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations; bodyweight; waist circumference; and prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes. Study-specific effect estimates per copy of each LDL-lowering allele were pooled by meta-analysis. These findings were compared with a meta-analysis of new-onset type 2 diabetes and bodyweight change data from randomised trials of statin drugs. The effects of statins in each randomised trial were assessed using meta-analysis.

FINDINGS: Data were available for up to 223 463 individuals from 43 genetic studies. Each additional rs17238484-G allele was associated with a mean 0·06 mmol/L (95% CI 0·05-0·07) lower LDL cholesterol and higher body weight (0·30 kg, 0·18-0·43), waist circumference (0·32 cm, 0·16-0·47), plasma insulin concentration (1·62%, 0·53-2·72), and plasma glucose concentration (0·23%, 0·02-0·44). The rs12916 SNP had similar effects on LDL cholesterol, bodyweight, and waist circumference. The rs17238484-G allele seemed to be associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] per allele 1·02, 95% CI 1·00-1·05); the rs12916-T allele association was consistent (1·06, 1·03-1·09). In 129 170 individuals in randomised trials, statins lowered LDL cholesterol by 0·92 mmol/L (95% CI 0·18-1·67) at 1-year of follow-up, increased bodyweight by 0·24 kg (95% CI 0·10-0·38 in all trials; 0·33 kg, 95% CI 0·24-0·42 in placebo or standard care controlled trials and -0·15 kg, 95% CI -0·39 to 0·08 in intensive-dose vs moderate-dose trials) at a mean of 4·2 years (range 1·9-6·7) of follow-up, and increased the odds of new-onset type 2 diabetes (OR 1·12, 95% CI 1·06-1·18 in all trials; 1·11, 95% CI 1·03-1·20 in placebo or standard care controlled trials and 1·12, 95% CI 1·04-1·22 in intensive-dose vs moderate dose trials).

INTERPRETATION: The increased risk of type 2 diabetes noted with statins is at least partially explained by HMGCR inhibition.

FUNDING: The funding sources are cited at the end of the paper.

%B Lancet %V 385 %P 351-61 %8 2015 Jan 24 %G eng %N 9965 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25262344?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61183-1